The effects of varying cushion depth on dynamic loading in shallow sand thoroughbred horse dirt racetracks

Mahaffey, Christie A.; Peterson, Michael; Roepstorff, L.

doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2012.12.004

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Within that framework, this work also demonstrates that synthetic surfaces can be as stiff as, and stiffer than, dirt surfaces, contrary to other findings [26,27]. This supports the contention that the composition of both dirt and synthetic surfaces and maintenance can have a very significant effect on a track's performance [2,28]. The stiffness depends on the material composition, moisture and temperature and the maintenance of the material.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Three different aluminium racing horseshoe designs were tested on 3 surface variations (described below and hereafter referred to as 3 ‘surfaces’) with a biomechanical surface tester developed by Peterson et al . and used in other work, including onsite testing of track maintenance and offsite testing of track materials . The impact velocity is 5 m/s, and for further details on the testing device see Peterson et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Safety concerns in horse racing are often focused on surfaces and other variables at the track surface–hoof interface . Previous research has demonstrated that surface characteristics, including composition, cushion depth, moisture in dirt tracks, temperature in synthetic tracks and the effects of maintenance, all influence the mechanics of a surface . Different surfaces from one facility to the next may provide different performance conditions experienced by the horse and rider.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic testing of horseshoe designs at impact on synthetic and dirtThoroughbred racetrack materials

Mahaffey

Peterson

Thomason

et al. 2015

Equine Veterinary Journal

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These 3 different Thoroughbred racing shoes do not have a significant impact on loading and loading rate, with the exception of the V-Grip shoe on a synthetic surface. Although the V-Grip may reduce craniocaudal peak load rates in a synthetic material with relatively high wax and/or low oil content, the reduction in load rate is less than the difference found between materials. This study indicates that shoeing has little effect, and that a track's surface material and its preparation have a significant effect on the dynamic loading during the impact phase of the stance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic testing of horseshoe designs at impact on synthetic and dirtThoroughbred racetrack materials

Mahaffey

Peterson

Thomason

et al. 2015

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…During late autumn, winter, and early spring, race meetings are also scheduled at racetracks which are known to be free draining, and thus, avoid extremes of going during these traditionally wet periods. These industry-level and tracklevel management approaches indicate the possibility of intuitive management [26], based on observation rather than empirical data, to provide a consistent racing surface. Optimization of racing surfaces may even be possible but must depend on the ability to link these measured data to the epidemiologic outcomes to reduce the risk to riders and horses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Profile and Surface Conditions of New Zealand Thoroughbred Racetracks

Rogers¹,

Bolwell²,

Gee³

et al. 2014

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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“…In summary, several surface top-layer 564 variables were related to the outcome(s) in this limited dataset when the analysis ignored the 565 detailed day-to-day registration (and each horse was represented by one row). We also stress 566 that the mechanical properties of the surfaces can differ even if the components of the top-567 layer are similar (for example, depending on cushion depth and moisture condition) 568 (Mahaffey et al, 2013) and that the deeper layers might also affect the functional 569 characteristics. Several of the variables indicated that exposure to some variables for a limited 570 duration was a risk factor, but that this effect disappeared when used more (which would 571 support adaptation to a surface reducing risk of injury, similar to Murray et al, 2010a,b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Days-lost to training and competition in relation to workload in 263 elite show-jumping horses in four European countries

Egenvall

Tranquille

Lönnell

et al. 2013

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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This is an author produced version of a paper published in Preventive Veterinary Medicine. This paper has been peer-reviewed but may not include the final publisher proof-corrections or pagination. Orthopaedic, or other, injuries in sports medicine can be quantified using the 'days-lost to 27 training' concept. Both the training regimen and the surface used in training and racing can 28 affect the health of racehorses. Our aim was to associate 'days-lost to training' in elite-level 29show-jumpers to horse characteristics, training and management strategies, and the time spent 30 working on various training and competition surfaces. We designed a longitudinal study of 31 professional riders in four European countries. Data were recorded using training diaries. 32Reasons for days-lost were classified into non-acute and acute orthopaedic, medical, hoof-33 related, and undefined. We produced descriptive statistics of training durations, relative to 34 type of training, surfaces used, and days-lost. We created zero-inflated negative-binomial 35 random-effects models using the overall days-lost as outcome. In the whole dataset, duration 36 variables related to training surfaces were analysed as independent. The Swedish data only 37were also used to test whether duration variables were related to competition surfaces. 38Thirty-one riders with 263 horses provided data on 39,028 days at risk. Of these, 2357 (6.0%) 39were days-lost (55% and 22% of these were due to non-acute and acute orthopaedic injuries, 40 respectively) in 126 horses. 41In the all-country model, controlling for season, a significant variable was country. 42Switzerland and the UK had lower incidence-rate ratios (IR) compared to Sweden (IRs 0.2 43 and 0.03, respectively). Horses with previous orthopaedic problems had almost a doubled IR 44 (1.8) of days-lost due to orthopaedic injury, compared to baseline. If the horse had jumping 45 training more than 1 minute per day at risk the IRs were 6.9-7 (compared to less than this 46 amount of time); this was, however, likely an effect of a small baseline. Variation in training 47 was a protective factor with a dose-response relationship; the category with the highest 48 variation had an IR of 0. horses. Limited training use of sand surface was a risk-factor (IR 2.2; >4≤12 min/day at risk), 54 compared to not training on sand. Training/competing on sand-wood was a protective factor 55 (IRs 0.4-0.5) compared to not using this surface. 56 57

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The effects of varying cushion depth on dynamic loading in shallow sand thoroughbred horse dirt racetracks

Cited by 18 publications

References 17 publications

Dynamic testing of horseshoe designs at impact on synthetic and dirtThoroughbred racetrack materials

Dynamic testing of horseshoe designs at impact on synthetic and dirtThoroughbred racetrack materials

Profile and Surface Conditions of New Zealand Thoroughbred Racetracks

Days-lost to training and competition in relation to workload in 263 elite show-jumping horses in four European countries

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