The effects of water hardness upon the uptake, accumulation and excretion of zinc in the brown trout, <i>Salmo trutta</i> L.

Everall, N. C.; Macfarlane, N. A. A.; Sedgwick, R. W.

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03039.x

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Chem. 28,2009 A. Giardina et al exposure on zinc uptake and accumulation in a variety of fish species [23][24][25] and an associated increase in toxicity of zinc in soft water [24]. The higher toxicity of zinc associated with soft water might explain the distribution of fish within the sites along the stream (summarized in Table 4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The softness of the water likely had a major effect on the toxicity of zinc in the water. Many studies have documented the acclimatory or protective effects, or both, of hard water exposure on zinc uptake and accumulation in a variety of fish species [23–25] and an associated increase in toxicity of zinc in soft water [24]. The higher toxicity of zinc associated with soft water might explain the distribution of fish within the sites along the stream (summarized in Table 4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long‐term and acute effects of zinc contamination of a stream on fish mortality and physiology

Giardina

Larson

Wisner

et al. 2009

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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A section of the Upper Enoree River in South Carolina, USA, was contaminated with chemical waste in 1985, and high concentrations of zinc persist decades later. In this study, we examined the zinc concentrations in the water, the accumulation of zinc in a variety of fish tissues, the effects of the contaminated water on fish sperm motility in vitro, and the mortality rates of introduced fish. Zinc concentrations in the water samples collected from six sites decreased as distance from the spill site increased, ranging from 7.3 to 0.34 mg/L (p< 0.001). The zinc concentrations of tissues from native fish were highest in liver (mean across sites of 110 ppm/g tissue) and gills (77.4 ppm/g tissue), followed by gonads (30.7 ppm/g tissue) and muscle (6.9 ppm/g tissue) (p < 0.001). The duration of fast motility of Salmo trutta sperm was significantly diminished in sperm activated in samples from the contaminated stream compared with the control stream (p < 0.05). To further evaluate the ability of fish to survive at the sites with different zinc concentrations, groups of Gambusia holbrooki were placed in traps at a reference site (uncontaminated local tributary), and three sites along the contaminated stream. Rapid mortality was observed in the two sites closest to the spill, including one site in which native fish had been found. The introduced G. holbrooki expressed higher zinc concentration in gills than gonads or muscle (p < 0.001), and water zinc concentration significantly affected fish mortality (p < 0.001). The results from these experiments indicate that zinc contamination of streams can have sublethal effects on populations and physiology of fish that are able to survive in the contaminated water.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term and acute effects of zinc contamination of a stream on fish mortality and physiology

Giardina

Larson

Wisner

et al. 2009

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The study also reported that the general trend of zinc accumulation in various tissues of Silver carp fish Hypophthalmichthys molitrix was found to be gills (460 mg/L) < liver (513 mg/L) < intestine (562 mg/L) < kidney (828 mg/L) after exposed to sublethal concentration of 6 mg/L for 30 days. It was found that zinc was most toxic in soft water of pH 4-6 and 8-9 and that excess zinc was precipitated in mucus and epithelial layer of gills that resulted in mortality due to damage of the gill epithelium [13]. Histopathological effects in gills, liver, intestine and kidney tissues of Silver carp after zinc sulphate exposure revealed that all the above tissues were affected due to zinc accumulation.…”

Section: Xenoticpotential Of Zinc and Nickel On Aquatic Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Health Monitoring: A Pragmatic Approach

Vincent¹

2014

Int J Waste Resources

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Eco benign environment, wherein human race survives and evolves, comprises the interaction of biotic and abiotic systems. Maintaining such environment in view of drastically changing human practices due to increased industrialization, urbanization and modernization is an urgent necessity for the global human community. The responsibility to protect the environment as well as to make it suitable for sustaining human life with well-being propels research-based implementation of best industrial and environmental practices. The nature of strategies and research designed for arriving eco-benign solutions to the challenges of environmental protection widely varies with different fields of industry. It is important to note that the intervention of environmental friendly strategies for making hazard and disease free environment is inevitable in all spheres of life, and the research on green solutions envisaged for management of environmental resources is the need of hour. Hence, in this review, we highlight three socially important environmental research areas such as impact of toxicity of metal pollutants in aquatic biological systems with special reference to fish as a bioindicator, mosquito control by bioinsecticides, and management of disease and disaster management by Geographical Information Systems (GIS) that are of our areas of contribution. Though these areas are viewed as different domains, they share an unique feature among themselves i.e. the crisis in water management affecting environment and health. The review also attempts to discuss about the possible biointervention solutions to address the challenges in water management in terms of pollution.Keywords: Metal toxicity; Aquatic health; Biomonitoring; Metallothionein; Bioinsecticides; GIS; Drainage Changing Quality of Aquatic LifeQuality of life in aquatic system is determined by the characteristics of biotic resources and their interactions that are complex and dynamic. Naturally, there is a self-balance between the biotic resources and their interactions both in quantitative and qualitative aspects and the balance is affected when new elements are introduced to the system. Especially, the elements introduced into the system have toxic properties; the aquatic system is under threat of quality degradation that seriously affects global biodiversity. Aquatic system today is polluted by industrial effluents comprising organic and synthetic chemical substances, heavy metals, dyes, oil etc; house hold wastes such as detergents and drainage; e-wastes, pesticides from agricultural lands, spillage of oil from ships etc. These pollutants of both biodegradable and non-biodegradable change the water qualities such as colour, odour, surface tension, thermal properties, conductivity, density, pH etc [1]. The acidic and alkali pollutants destroy most invertebrates and microorganisms [2]. Due to increased anthropogenic activities, aquatic organisms are continuously exposed to the elevated levels of metal concentration that the levels not previously encountered. ...

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Effects of Acclimation on the Toxicity of Stream Water Contaminated with Zinc and Cadmium to Juvenile Cutthroat Trout

Harper

Farag

Brumbaugh

2007

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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We investigated the influence of acclimation on results of in situ bioassays with cutthroat trout in metal-contaminated streams. Cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) were held for 21 days (1) in live containers at a reference or "clean" site having dissolved metals near detection limits (0.01 microg/L cadmium [Cd] and 2.8 microg/L zinc [Zn]; hardness 32 mg/L as CaCO(3)) and (2) at a site in a mining-impacted watershed having moderately increased metals (0.07 microg/L Cd and 38 to 40 microg/L Zn; hardness 50 mg/L as CaCO(3)). The 96-hour survival of each treatment group was then tested in situ at five sites from September 5 to 9, 2002, and each group exhibited a range of metal concentrations (0.44 to 39 microg/L arsenic [As], 0.01 to 2.2 microg/L Cd, and 0.49 to 856 microg/L Zn). Survival was 100% at three sites for both treatments. However, a higher percentage of metal-acclimated fish survived at the site with the second highest concentrations of Cd and Zn (0.90 and 238 microg/L, respectively) compared with fish acclimated at the reference site (100% vs. 55%, respectively). Survival was 65% for acclimated fish and 0% for metal-naïve fish at the site with the largest metal concentrations (2.2 microg/L Cd and 856 microg/L Zn). Water collected from the site with the largest concentrations of dissolved metals (on October 30, 2002) was used in a laboratory serial dilution to determine 96-hour LC(50) values. The 96-hour LC(50) estimates of naïve fish during the in situ and laboratory experiments were similar (0.60 mug Cd/L and 226 microg Zn/L for in situ and 0.64 microg Cd/L and 201 microg Zn/L for laboratory serial dilutions). However, mortality of naïve cutthroat trout tested under laboratory conditions was more rapid in dilutions of 100%, 75%, and 38% site water than in situ experiments.

show abstract

The effects of water hardness upon the uptake, accumulation and excretion of zinc in the brown trout, Salmo trutta L.

Cited by 15 publications

References 31 publications

Long‐term and acute effects of zinc contamination of a stream on fish mortality and physiology

Long‐term and acute effects of zinc contamination of a stream on fish mortality and physiology

Environmental Health Monitoring: A Pragmatic Approach

Effects of Acclimation on the Toxicity of Stream Water Contaminated with Zinc and Cadmium to Juvenile Cutthroat Trout

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