The efficacy of binary ethylenimine-inactivated vaccines of Gianyar-1/AK/2014 virulent strain in protecting chickens against Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 virulent Newcastle disease virus isolates

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to prepare binary ethylenimine (BEI)-inactivated virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine and to examine their ability to induce a protective antibody response in commercial chickens. Materials and Methods: A virulent NDV field isolate Gianyar-1/AK/2014 was propagated in chicken-embryonated eggs and was then inactivated with BEI at a concentration of 4 mM. Three groups of chickens with low-level (2 log2 hemagglutination inhibition [HI] units) maternally derived antibodies against NDV were then immunized with the BEI-inactivated vaccine. A commercial live vaccine (LaSota strain) was used as positive control, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used as negative control. A challenge experiment with a virulent NDV of Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 was performed at 3 weeks post-vaccination. Results: At 2 weeks post-immunization, the mean titers of antibodies against NDV in serum samples of chickens immunized with 0.2 mL of BEI-inactivated NDV (Group I), with live commercial NDV vaccine (Group II) and with PBS (Group III) were 3±0.94 log2 HI units, 4.9±0.99 log2 HI unit, and 0.0±0.0 HI units, respectively. At week 3 post-immunization, the mean titers of the antibodies for the three groups were 5±1.09 log2 HI units, 6.9±0.32 log2 HI units, and 0.00 HI units, respectively. The antibody titer induced by inactivated NDV Gianyar-1/AK/2014 isolates examined at 2 and 3 weeks post-vaccination was still at a significantly (p<0.01) lower level as compared to those induced by commercial life vaccine. However, the challenge test with virulent NDV of Tabanan 1/ARP/2017 isolates showed that all immunized chickens (Group I and II) survived without exhibiting any clinical sign post-challenge with the protection rates of 100%, whereas all chickens injected with PBS (Group III) died with clinical signs of ND. Conclusion: This finding shows that the BEI-inactivated vaccines prepared using virulent NDV of Gianyar-1/AK/2014 strain was able to induce protective antibody response in chickens but still at a lower level than those induce by commercial live NDV vaccine.

Effect of Age and Presence of Maternal Antibodies on Success of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Vaccinations in Broiler

“…Newcastle Disease is also a threat to poultry farms, specifically broilers (Adi et al 2019), similar to AI virus, ND is also a serious concern by OIE (Aldous et al 2010). It causes acute illness and death in poultry, and is capable of infecting more than 241 bird species (Wakamatsu et al 2006).…”

“…Several strategic actions can be taken to control AI and ND diseases (Adi et al 2019;Mahardika et al 2018) but vaccination is the most practical prevention and control measure (Ismail et al 2018). The effectiveness of AI and ND vaccination will be better when the viral strains in the vaccines used are homologous to those in the field (Kapczynski et al 2017) called as vaccine matching strategy.…”

Characterization and Inactivation of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus for Use as a Vaccine and Immunodiagnostic Reagent

“…Thus, the method used to inactivate the virus is an important factor affecting the antigen quality. Formalin, a chemical that affects protein structures is the most commonly used compound for inactivation of viral vaccines; however, treatments with other components with less destructive effects on the protein structures are suggested [24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Here, we determined the effects of three chemicals on inactivation of IBDV antigen using the same virus concentration to eliminate possible variations.…”

“…Despite formalin and BPL that alter the antigenic components of the inactivated viruses, no change in the antigenicity has been reported for both envelope and non-enveloped viruses inactivated by BEI [39]. The inactivation of different viruses such as Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza virus, footand-mouth disease virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, swine vesicular disease virus, sheep pox virus, hematopoietic necrosis virus and blue tongue virus with BEI did not affect their immunogenicity [24,[40][41][42][43][44]. Even in low concentration, BEI passes through the virus capsid and reacts with the N7-guanine of the genome then guanine becomes alkylated through the opening of the BEI ring.…”

Pathological Lesions in Chicken Embryo Caused by Newly Virulent Isolate of Newcastle Disease Virus (LESI PATOLOGIS PADA EMBRIO AYAM YANG DISEBABKAN ISOLAT VIRUS PENYAKIT TETELO TERBARU YANG VIRULEN)

“…The virulent isolate of NDV Tabanan 1/ARP/ 2017 (Adi et al, 2019) that belongs to genotype VII was used to inoculate the ECEs. This isolate was obtained from NDV infected chicken in a vaccinated laying farm.…”