The Efficacy of Citrus maxima Peels Aqueous Extract Against Cryptosporidiosis in Immunecompromised Mice

Hafez, E.N.; Hamed, Wafaa Fayez Abd El

doi:10.1007/s11686-020-00315-x

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Serum levels of liver enzymes (AST and ALT) and serum urea showed high significant increase in the infected control group compared to the normal control one. This is consistent with earlier studies that found an increase in liver enzymes during Cryptosporium infection [ 1 , 18 , 44 ]. This can be explained due to hepatocytes damages that induced by the parasite as elevated AST indicates mitochondrial damage and elevated ALT signaling cell membrane injury [ 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…Cryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic globally distributed parasitic disease caused by protozoan Cryptosporidium [ 1 ]. The apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium infects the intestinal epithelium [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…El Mahalawy et al [ 18 ] showed a significant increase in GOT and GPT levels in an infected group compared to healthy mice. Additionally, Hafez and El Hamed [ 1 ] observed an improvement of liver enzymes levels (GOT, GPT) in treated groups compared to the infected control group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anticryptosporidium Efficacy of Olea europaea and Ficus carica Leaves Extract in Immunocompromised Mice Associated with Biochemical Characters and Antioxidative System

El-Hamed

Yousef

Mazrou

et al. 2021

Cells

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Cryptosporidiosis is caused by an opportunistic protozoan parasite (Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis) known as a parasite of humans, especially children and immunocompromised patients. The current study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a mixture of fig and olive leaf extracts as an alternative medicinal plant. Parasitological examination for oocysts in the stool and histopathological alterations in the small intestines were examined. Additionally, biochemical analyses of liver and kidney functions in addition to antioxidant parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH) and catalase (CAT) in the plasma were evaluated. Our results showed that marked reduction in oocysts shedding and amelioration in intestinal histopathological changes and hepatic or renal functions were detected in all treated groups compared to the control infected group. Additionally, the treated groups with tested extracts at ratios 1:3 and 1:5 showed a significant decrease in the number of oocysts compared to the other treated groups. Results exhibited a significant increase in the plasma SOD, CAT and GSH levels in treated groups compared to the infected control one. This study suggested that a mixture of fig and olive leaf extracts is a convenient promising therapeutic agent for Cryptosporidiosis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anticryptosporidium Efficacy of Olea europaea and Ficus carica Leaves Extract in Immunocompromised Mice Associated with Biochemical Characters and Antioxidative System

El-Hamed

Yousef

Mazrou

et al. 2021

Cells

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“…One study reported that the Halogeno-Thiazolides were more effective in inhibiting Cryptosporidium growth and oocyst shedding (95%) in immunosuppressed Mongolian gerbils compared with NTZ (47%) (Gargala et al 2013 ). Other studies have also indicated the effectiveness of natural product extracts such as Citrus maxima and pomegranate ( Punica granatum ) peel against C. parvum in murine models of infection (Al-Mathal and Alsalem 2013 ; Hafez and Hamed 2021 ). However, extended in vivo research is necessary to establish the proper therapeutic effect of such treatments.…”

Section: Anti-parasitic Drugs Repurposingmentioning

confidence: 99%

An update on Cryptosporidium biology and therapeutic avenues

et al. 2022

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Cryptosporidium species has been identified as an important pediatric diarrheal pathogen in resource-limited countries, particularly in very young children (0–24 months). However, the only available drug (nitazoxanide) has limited efficacy and can only be prescribed in a medical setting to children older than one year. Many drug development projects have started to investigate new therapeutic avenues. Cryptosporidium ’s unique biology is challenging for the traditional drug discovery pipeline and requires novel drug screening approaches. Notably, in recent years, new methods of oocyst generation, in vitro processing, and continuous three-dimensional cultivation capacities have been developed. This has enabled more physiologically pertinent research assays for inhibitor discovery. In a short time, many great strides have been made in the development of anti- Cryptosporidium drugs. These are expected to eventually turn into clinical candidates for cryptosporidiosis treatment in the future. This review describes the latest development in Cryptosporidium biology, genomics, transcriptomics of the parasite, assay development, and new drug discovery.

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“…Cryptosporidiosis is a global opportunistic parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium species ( 1 ). These parasites can infect mainly the epithelial cells of the jejunum and ileum of vertebrates after direct contact with the excreted oocysts in fecal materials or in the contaminated food, water, or drinks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In silico and in vivo evaluation of the anti-cryptosporidial activity of eugenol

Gattan,

Wakid,

Qahwaji

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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BackgroundCryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic parasitic disease widely distributed worldwide. Although Cryptosporidium sp. causes asymptomatic infection in healthy people, it may lead to severe illness in immunocompromised individuals. Limited effective therapeutic alternatives are available against cryptosporidiosis in this category of patients. So, there is an urgent need for therapeutic alternatives for cryptosporidiosis. Recently, the potential uses of Eugenol (EUG) have been considered a promising novel treatment for bacterial and parasitic infections. Consequently, it is suggested to investigate the effect of EUG as an option for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis.Materials and methodsThe in silico bioinformatics analysis was used to predict and determine the binding affinities and intermolecular interactions of EUG and Nitazoxanide (NTZ) toward several Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) lowa II target proteins. For animal study, five groups of immunosuppressed Swiss albino mice (10 mice each) were used. Group I was left uninfected (control), and four groups were infected with 1,000 oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. The first infected group was left untreated. The remaining three infected groups received NTZ, EUG, and EUG + NTZ, respectively, on the 6th day post-infection (dpi). All mice were sacrificed 30 dpi. The efficacy of the used formulas was assessed by counting the number of C. parvum oocysts excreted in stool of infected mice, histopathological examination of the ileum and liver tissues and determination of the expression of iNOS in the ileum of mice in different animal groups.Resultstreatment with EUG resulted in a significant reduction in the number of oocysts secreted in stool when compared to infected untreated mice. In addition, oocyst excretion was significantly reduced in mice received a combination therapy of EUG and NTZ when compared with those received NTZ alone. EUG succeeded in reverting the histopathological alterations induced by Cryptosporidium infection either alone or in combination with NTZ. Moreover, mice received EUG showed marked reduction of the expression of iNOS in ileal tissues.ConclusionBased on the results, the present study signified a basis for utilizing EUG as an affordable, safe, and alternative therapy combined with NTZ in the management of cryptosporidiosis.

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The Efficacy of Citrus maxima Peels Aqueous Extract Against Cryptosporidiosis in Immunecompromised Mice

Cited by 10 publications

References 49 publications

Anticryptosporidium Efficacy of Olea europaea and Ficus carica Leaves Extract in Immunocompromised Mice Associated with Biochemical Characters and Antioxidative System

Anticryptosporidium Efficacy of Olea europaea and Ficus carica Leaves Extract in Immunocompromised Mice Associated with Biochemical Characters and Antioxidative System

An update on Cryptosporidium biology and therapeutic avenues

In silico and in vivo evaluation of the anti-cryptosporidial activity of eugenol

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