The Efficacy of Red Ginseng in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Animals

Hong, Bin Na; Ji, Min Gun; Kang, Tong Ho

doi:10.1155/2013/593181

Cited by 35 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The selected RGE dose in this study is in the range of effective dose without significant toxicity and showed similar plasma concentrations of Rb1, Rb2, and Rc (5.3-15.8 nM in rats and 6.2-12.7 nM in human subjects) [19,33]. In numerous animal studies, the RGE dose has ranged from 200 mg/kg to 2.0 g/kg (i.e., 3-15 mg/kg of total ginsenosides) [36,37]. In human studies, RGE was administered to diabetic patients for 4 to 24 weeks at doses of 2.7-6.0g/day, which usually contained 50-100 mg ginsenosides/day [20,38].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Herb–Drug Interaction of Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenoside Rc with Valsartan in Rats

Jeon

Lee

et al. 2020

Molecules

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the herb–drug interactions involving red ginseng extract (RGE) or ginsenoside Rc with valsartan, a substrate for organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP/Oatp) transporters. In HEK293 cells overexpressing drug transporters, the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides- Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg3, compound K, and Rh2-inhibited human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters (IC50 values of 7.99–68.2 µM for OATP1B1; 1.36–30.8 µM for OATP1B3), suggesting the herb–drug interaction of PPD-type ginsenosides involving OATPs. Protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides-Re, Rg1, and Rh1-did not inhibit OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and all ginsenosides tested didn’t inhibit OCT and OAT transporters. However, in rats, neither RGE nor Rc, a potent OATP inhibitor among PPD-type ginsenoside, changed in vivo pharmacokinetics of valsartan following repeated oral administration of RGE (1.5 g/kg/day for 7 days) or repeated intravenous injection of Rc (3 mg/kg for 5 days). The lack of in vivo herb–drug interaction between orally administered RGE and valsartan could be attributed to the low plasma concentration of PPD-type ginsenosides (5.3–48.4 nM). Even high plasma concentration of Rc did not effectively alter the pharmacokinetics of valsartan because of high protein binding and the limited liver distribution of Rc. The results, in conclusion, would provide useful information for herb–drug interaction between RGE or PPD-type ginsenosides and Oatp substrate drugs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Herb–Drug Interaction of Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenoside Rc with Valsartan in Rats

Jeon

Lee

et al. 2020

Molecules

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“…Additionally, ginseng's long‐lasting effects have been shown to be more beneficial in a disease state than a healthy state (Zhou et al, ). In vivo and in vitro studies report that ginseng might ameliorate inflammation in various inflammatory diseases including acute liver disease (Igami, Shimojo, Ito, Miyazaki, & Kashiwada, ), activated microglia in neurologic disorders (Rastogi, Santiago‐Moreno, & Doré, ), colitis (Lee, Hyam, Jang, Han, & Kim, ; Lee, Jeong, Eun, & Kim, ), pulmonary diseases (Shergis et al, ), cancer (Helms, ), and diabetes (Hong, Ji, & Kang, ). Ginseng also is beneficial for cardiovascular diseases mainly due to its cardioprotective and antihypertensive effects (Karmazyn, Moey, & Gan, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ginseng supplementation on selected markers of inflammation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Mohammadi

Hadi

Kord‐Varkaneh

et al. 2019

Phytotherapy Research

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The present meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of ginseng administration on serum level of inflammatory biomarkers. We performed a systematic search of all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted up to June 2018 in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. RCTs that investigated the effect ginseng supplementation on highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were included for final analysis. A total of seven RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Results indicated significant reduction in IL-6 (mean difference [MD]: −0.265 pg/ml, 95% CI [−0.396, −0.135], p < .001) and TNF-α (MD: −2.471 pg/ml, 95% CI [−2.904, −2.039], p < .001) and no significant change in hs-CRP (MD: −0.125 mg/L, 95% CI [−0.597, 0.347], p = .604). Although there waspublication bias across studies, trim and fill analysis showed that results from unpublished studies could not change the results for CRP. However, removing one study in sensitivity analysis did reveal a significant reduction in CRP. We conclude that ginseng supplementation significantly lowered IL-6 and TNF-α but did not significantly lower CRP. However, these findings were not robust, because they showed sensitivity for CRP and IL-6, and future long-term well-designed dose-escalating trials are required.

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“…Among them, Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been traditionally prescribed for various diseases, although the exact mechanisms by which KRG mitigates the severity of diseases remain unclear [2]. Recent advances in understanding the pharmacological components of KRG shed light on identifying a variety of bioactive ingredients, such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, phytosterols, peptides, polyacetylenic alcohols, and fatty acids, that prevent and eradicate diabetes, tumors, ulcers, aging, and depression [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Regulation of Th17 Cell Responses and Autoimmune Neuro-Inflammation by Ginsenoside Rg3

et al. 2020

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Among diverse helper T-cell subsets, Th17 cells appear to be pathogenic in diverse autoimmune diseases, and thus, targeting Th17 cells could be beneficial for the treatment of the diseases in humans. Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the most potent components in Korean Red Ginseng (KRG; Panax ginseng Meyer) in ameliorating inflammatory responses. However, the role of Rg3 in Th17 cells and Th17-mediated autoimmunity is unclear. We found that Rg3 significantly inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells from naïve precursors in a dendritic cell (DC)–T co-culture system. While Rg3 minimally affected the secretion of IL-6, TNFα, and IL-12p40 from DCs, it significantly hampered the expression of IL-17A and RORγt in T cells in a T-cell-intrinsic manner. Moreover, Rg3 alleviated the onset and severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), induced by transferring myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-reactive T cells. Our findings demonstrate that Rg3 inhibited Th17 differentiation and Th17-mediated neuro-inflammation, suggesting Rg3 as a potential candidate for resolving Th17-related autoimmune diseases.

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The Efficacy of Red Ginseng in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Animals

Cited by 35 publications

References 30 publications

Herb–Drug Interaction of Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenoside Rc with Valsartan in Rats

Herb–Drug Interaction of Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenoside Rc with Valsartan in Rats

Effects of ginseng supplementation on selected markers of inflammation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

A Critical Regulation of Th17 Cell Responses and Autoimmune Neuro-Inflammation by Ginsenoside Rg3

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