The efficacy of ultraviolet light-emitting technology against coronaviruses: a systematic review

Chiappa, Federica; Frascella, Beatrice; Vigezzi, Giacomo Pietro; Moro, Matteo; Diamanti, Luca; Gentile, Leandro; Lago, Paolo; Clementi, Nicola; Signorelli, Carlo; Mancini, Nicasio; Odone, Anna

doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.05.005

Cited by 43 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Therefore, personal protective equipment and disinfection measures should continue to stop or at least slow the further spread of the virus. The use of ultraviolet radiation, for example, is very effective against SARS-CoV-2 [3][4][5][6][7], but unfortunately this radiation can also harm human cells [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

2021

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It has been proven that visible light with a wavelength of about 405 nm exhibits an antimicrobial effect on bacteria and fungi if the irradiation doses are high enough. Hence, the question arises as to whether this violet light would also be suitable to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses. Therefore, a high-intensity light source was developed and applied to irradiate bovine coronaviruses (BCoV), which are employed as SARS-CoV-2 surrogates for safety reasons. Irradiation is performed in virus solutions diluted with phosphate buffered saline and on steel surfaces. Significant virus reduction by several log levels was observed both in the liquid and on the surface within half an hour with average log reduction doses of 57.5 and 96 J/cm2, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that 405 nm irradiation has an antiviral effect on coronaviruses, but special attention should be paid to the presence of photosensitizers in the virus environment in future experiments. Technically, visible violet radiation is therefore suitable for coronavirus reduction, but the required radiation doses are difficult to achieve rapidly.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

2021

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“…UV inactivation has a long history as a means for inactivating pathogens [12], more recently, including a number of human coronaviruses [13][14][15]. In a large fraction of these studies, virus inactivation was evaluated in liquid medium rather than aerosols.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by UV-C Illumination of Airflow

Bowen

Gilgunn

Hartwig

2021

COVID

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SARS-CoV-2 is frequently transmitted by aerosol, and the sterilization of the virus in airflows has numerous potential applications. We evaluated a UV-C illuminator similar to what might be incorporated into tubing of a mechanical ventilator for its ability to block transmission of the airborne virus from infected to naïve hamsters. Hamsters protected by the UV system were consistently protected from infection, whereas non-protected hamsters uniformly became infected and displayed virus shedding and high burdens of virus in respiratory tissues. The efficiency and speed with which the virus in flowing air was inactivated using this system suggests several applications for mitigating transmission of this virus.

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“…Ultraviolet disinfection treatment can be used as part of a multifaceted approach to reduce surgical site infections, with operating rooms disinfected following known pathogen exposure [1]. The strategy can potentially be extended to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [15][16][17]. We have previously described how to quantitatively schedule such individual uses of ultraviolet disinfection robotic systems [2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Design of Overnight Trials for the Evaluation of the Number of Operating Rooms That Can Be Disinfected by an Ultraviolet Light Disinfection Robotic System

Birchansky

Dexter

Epstein

et al. 2021

Cureus

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Background and objectiveThe number of ultraviolet light disinfection robot systems that are needed for a facility's surgical suite(s) and/or procedure suite(s) depends in part on how many rooms need to be disinfected overnight by each robot and how long this will take. The answer needs to be determined separately for each surgical and procedure suite because those variables vary both among facilities and among operating rooms or procedure rooms within facilities. In this study, we consider statistical designs to assess how many rooms a facility can reliably (≥90% chance) disinfect overnight using an ultraviolet light disinfection robot system. MethodsWe used 133,927 observed disinfection times from 700 rooms as a population from which repeated samples were drawn with replacement in Monte-Carlo simulations. We used eight-hour and 10-hour shift lengths being multiples of 40 hours for full-time hourly employees. ResultsOne possible strategy that we examined was to estimate total disinfection times by estimating the mean for each room and then summing up the means. However, that did not correctly answer the question of how many rooms can reliably be available for the next day's first case. Summing up a percentile (e.g., 90%) instead also was inaccurate, because the proper percentile depended on the number of rooms.A suitable strategy is a brief trial (e.g., nine nights or 19 nights) with the endpoint being the daily number of rooms disinfected. Empirically, the smallest count of rooms disinfected among nine nights or the second smallest count among 19 nights are 10 th percentiles (i.e., ≈90% probability that at least that number of rooms can be disinfected in the future). The drawback is that while this approach gives the probability of a night with fewer rooms disinfected, it does not give information as to how many fewer rooms may either skip ultraviolet decontamination or start late the next workday because disinfection was not completed. Our simulations showed that there is a substantial probability (≥95%) of at most two rooms fewer or one room greater than the 10 th percentile with a nine-night trial and one room fewer or greater with a 19-night trial. ConclusionsBecause probability distributions of disinfection times are heterogeneous both among rooms and among treatments for the same room, each facility should plan to perform its own trial of nine nights or 19 nights. This will provide results that are within two rooms or one room of the correct answer in the long term. This information can be used when planning purchasing decisions, leasing, and technician staffing decisions.

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The efficacy of ultraviolet light-emitting technology against coronaviruses: a systematic review

Cited by 43 publications

References 87 publications

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

Prevention of Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by UV-C Illumination of Airflow

Statistical Design of Overnight Trials for the Evaluation of the Number of Operating Rooms That Can Be Disinfected by an Ultraviolet Light Disinfection Robotic System

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