The efficiency of scrap Cu and Al current collector materials as reductants in LIB waste leaching

Chernyaev, A. P.; Partinen, Jere; Klemettinen, Lassi; Wilson, Benjamin P.; Jokilaakso, Ari; Lundström, Mari

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105608

Cited by 42 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…This is a typical composition for the black mass leach residue, which has traditionally been found to be very heterogeneous. 58,59 The heat treatment of leach residue successfully removed the PVDF, as demonstrated by the absence of elemental F in the treated materials, based on SEM-EDX mapping (Fig. S3† and Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…LIBs from used laptops and mobile phones were subjected to industrial crushing, whereupon magnetic separation and sieving processes were used to generate a Co-rich black mass. Before our research, this black mass had previously undergone hydrometallurgical treatment, as reported by Chernyaev et al ., 59 which effectively leached out the majority of cathode metals, leaving behind the graphite-rich waste fraction. This graphite-rich leach residue was used as the starting material in this research, referred to as the raw material.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The leach residue consists of graphite and other undissolved battery materials, like polymer binder, conducting agent (carbon black), current collectors (Al and Cu), and some undissolved cathode metals. 9 LIBs typically contain approximately 20 wt% of graphite, which is presently not recycled or recovered. Instead, it is discarded as a waste fraction at the end of the recycling process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supporting critical raw material circularity – upcycling graphite from waste LIBs to Zn–air batteries

Praats,

Chernyaev,

Sainio

et al. 2024

Green Chem.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supporting critical raw material circularity – upcycling graphite from waste LIBs to Zn–air batteries

Praats,

Chernyaev,

Sainio

et al. 2024

Green Chem.

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“…The effect of Al and Cu scrap on the acid leaching of an industrial processed cobalt-rich waste battery concentrate was recently investigated by Chernyaev et al 47 and both Al and Cu had a positive effect on the leaching of Co. The authors predicted using a model that either 0.75 Cu/Co mol/mol, 0.7 Al/Co mol/mol, or a combination of both are required for full recovery of cobalt.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide and a Dosing Method on the Leaching of LCO, NMC Oxides, and Industrial Black Mass

Vieceli

Benjamasutin

Promphan

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The effect of hydrogen peroxide on the leachability of different reference cathode active materials used in lithium-ion batteries (LCO, NMC 111, NMC 622, and NMC 811) was investigated using 2 M H2SO4. An innovative method was used to monitor the consumption and residual concentration of hydrogen peroxide, which can help optimize its addition and improve the economy and resource yield of the process. The reducing effect of hydrogen peroxide was compared using two methods of adding it. Leaching with hydrogen peroxide significantly improved the dissolution and 100% yield was reached within 15 min for the NMC oxides (except NMC 811) and within 30 min for LCO. Co and Ni were more easily leached from NMC 811 compared to other NMC oxides. The dissolution of metals from LCO was in general slower. Cu and Al can also act as reducing agents and their presence increased the leaching yield of the transition metals, especially Mn, and resulted in less residual hydrogen peroxide. The H2O2 addition method (all at once or charged at multiple occasions) did not influence the maximum leachability (except for Mn/NMC 811) or the amount of consumed hydrogen peroxide, but the rate of dissolution was slower when charging at multiple times. The optimal conditions determined for the reference NMC 111 cathode material [3% v/v H2O2 (59% w/w), S/L 1:20 g/mL, 2 M H2SO4, 50 °C] were applied for an industrial black mass sample (Li1.09Ni0.31Mn0.39Co0.39O2). The result was 100% yield for Li, Mn, and Ni, after 15 min and 100% yield for Co after 60 min.

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“…The maximum leaching efficiency is obtained for the Cu current collector, which requires only 1 h to lixiviate the metals completely, whereas Al demands 24 h. Here, the galvanic interaction between transition metal oxide and current collectors plays a major role in the lixiviation process. [ 27 ] Similarly, Lundstrom and co‐workers [ 28 ] extracted the metal ions from the Co‐rich waste cathode using the current collectors to replace the traditional H 2 O 2 reductant with 2M H 2 SO 4 and derived the response surface model. Similar to the previous study, Al had shown less efficiency compared to Cu current collector in the optimized conditions (2 m H 2 SO 4 , 60 °C, and solid‐liquid ratio of 1:5) due to several side reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling/Reuse of Current Collectors from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Benefits and Issues

Natarajan

Akshay

Aravindan

2022

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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Al and Cu foils are the irreplaceable current collectors for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs), and have a great impact on the performance. The sustainability and cost of the current collectors are important factors to improve the circular economy of the battery technologies, and it can be achieved by the effective recycling of spent LIBs. Spent LIBs are a valuable resource with potential environmental hazards owing to the presence of a lot of metals and materials, urging the researchers to recycle/reuse via effective technologies. Of critical importance in this field, is current industry/research efforts toward improving cathode materials; however, the crucial problem is the efficient separation of current collectors from the electrode materials. In this line, this perspective offers the different strategies involved in the separation of current collectors from the electrode materials of spent LIBs and suggests future directions for researchers to develop efficient recycling methodologies.

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The efficiency of scrap Cu and Al current collector materials as reductants in LIB waste leaching

Cited by 42 publications

References 37 publications

Supporting critical raw material circularity – upcycling graphite from waste LIBs to Zn–air batteries

Supporting critical raw material circularity – upcycling graphite from waste LIBs to Zn–air batteries

Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide and a Dosing Method on the Leaching of LCO, NMC Oxides, and Industrial Black Mass

Recycling/Reuse of Current Collectors from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Benefits and Issues

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