The efficiency of spawning machines for mixing insecticides into mushroom compost

Wyatt, I. J.; Gurney, Barbara

doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1974.tb01492.x

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Control of the larvae resulting from a natural ingress of M halterau was attempted by incorporating diazin.on as an emulsion (30 mg a.i./kg) in the compost at spawning (Hussey, 1961). A spray boom was used to direct the spra} into the compost spinner ' (Wyatt and Gurney, 1974). Eleven applications c: Pynosect (Figure), mainly during the spawn-running period, were also made in ai: effort to control the ingress of M. halterata adults.…”

Section: Large-scale Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The work of Wyatt and Gurney (1974) on insecticide incorporation in compost showed that up to half the compost may be undertreated owing to the inefficiency of spawning machines and the method of chemical application. Poor mixing of the diazinon and the compost in Crop B probably accounted for the number of flies caught/week being reduced by only 60 per cent compared with the untreated Crop A.…”

Section: Large-scale Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of the mushroom phorid Megaselia halterata (Wood) with dichlorvos applied by an automatic atomiser

White¹

1981

Plant Pathology

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As a protection against invading Megaselia halterata adults, a newly spawned mushroom crop was treated for four weeks with intermittent sprays of small volumes of dichlorvos from an automatic atomiser. Efficient control of adults was obtained in small-and large-scale tests by spraying 0-3 mg/m^ of air every 24 min. Automatic spraying of dichlorvos achieved better and cheaper control than that obtained by the incorporation of diazinon in the compost (30 mg/kg).

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Section: Large-scale Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Large-scale Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of the mushroom phorid Megaselia halterata (Wood) with dichlorvos applied by an automatic atomiser

White¹

1981

Plant Pathology

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“…However, 30%--50% of compost may be left undertreated due to inefficiency of mixing machines (Wyatt & Gurney, 1974). The generation time of cecids, compared to most mushroom pests, is very short and their population growth is exponential.…”

Section: Practical Pest Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In commercial practice, diazinon and 3' HCH are used at much higher concentrations than in the present study. However, 30%--50% of compost may be left undertreated due to inefficiency of mixing machines (Wyatt & Gurney, 1974). There are, therefore, large pockets of compost in which larvae can breed but in which they may be subjected to sublethal doses.…”

Section: Practical Pest Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sublethal Effects of Four Pesticides on Paedogenetic Larvae of the Cecidomyiidae

White¹

1977

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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The sublethal effects of four pesticides on paedogenetic larvae of the Cecidomyiidae were investigated in sterile culture. With Heteropezapygmaea: -(a) diazinon at 0.2 ppm and above in the agar medium produced an ,,all or nothing" response where most larvae lost locomotory co-ordination and did not feed, but on transference to an untreated culture many recovered and reproduced; (b) y HCH reduced activity, hemipupal size and fecundity in proportion to dosage; (c) quinomethionate reduced hemipupal size but the number of young increased from a mean of 12 for untreated parents to 15.5 at 0.32 ppm; (d) diflubenzuron induced one larva.to produce a previously unrecorded second instar and the evolutionary significance of this is discussed. The effect of diflubenzuron on larvae of Mycophila speyeri was twofold: a reduction in fecundity of the parents and an increase in pupa-larva production.

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Incorporation and stability of chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and phorate in peat blocks

Suett¹,

Padbury²

1982

Pestic. Sci.

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Factors likely to influence the uniformity of treatment and the stability of the insecticides incorporated into peat blocks were investigated. When an Adelphi horizontal mixer was used, 90% of the blocks contained the mean dose ( f 10%) after dry-mixing the diazinon granules for 3 min. Treatment was slightly less uniform using a concrete mixer or a spade. Between-block variability was greatest when diazinon was applied to the wet surfaces of prepared blocks; in this process, sprinkling granules by hand was less erratic than spraying a liquid formulation. When granular, wettable powder, or emulsifiable concentrate formulations of diazinon were incorporated using the Adelphi mixer, neither the between-block variability nor the subsequent stability of the insecticide were significantly influenced by the formulation used. Insecticide stability was studied by incorporating chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and phorate at 10 mg a.i. per block in January, March, May and July. The relative order of persistence was chlorfenvinphosEchlorpyrifos > phorate+ diazinon. There was little loss of insecticide ( < 10 %) from the blocks treated with chlorfenvinphos or chlorpyrifos, and the stability of the insecticides was unaffected by seasonal temperature changes, but the rate of loss of diazinon increased markedly from January to July. The rate of oxidation of phorate to its sulphoxide and sulphone analogues increased gradually from January to May but was much slower than in the field after a bow-wave application. With all insecticides, there was no significant difference in loss rates at 25 and 10 mg a.i. per block. After incorporation into three moss peats and two proprietary blocking composts, there was no consistent difference in the rates of loss of either diazinon or of total phorate residues, although the rates of oxidation of phorate and its sulphoxide were not similar in all the peats and composts. It was concluded that, despite the substantial water content and high insecticide concentrations, the principal factor determining insecticide behaviour in the blocks was the adsorptive capacity of the peat.

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The efficiency of spawning machines for mixing insecticides into mushroom compost

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Control of the mushroom phorid Megaselia halterata (Wood) with dichlorvos applied by an automatic atomiser

Control of the mushroom phorid Megaselia halterata (Wood) with dichlorvos applied by an automatic atomiser

Sublethal Effects of Four Pesticides on Paedogenetic Larvae of the Cecidomyiidae

Incorporation and stability of chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and phorate in peat blocks

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