“…Multicultural competence (Bass & Jackson, 1997;Comas-Diaz & Greene, 1994;Constantine, 2007;Ehrmin, 2001Ehrmin, , 2002Ferguson & Candib, 2002;Greene, 1994;Lewis, 2004;Nelson-Zlupko, Kauffman, & Dore, 1995;Roberts et al, 2000), empowerment (Davis & Ancis, unpublished manuscript;Ehrmin, 2005;Lewis, 2004;Roberts & Nishimoto, 2006;Stahler et al, 2007), and egalitarianism (Davis & Ancis, unpublished manuscript; Rader & Gilbert, 2005) are identified as PSTCs facilitative of working alliance development specifically with AfA women substance users. The authors hypothesize that while a positive working alliance may be established with the target population utilizing GTCs, concurrent use of PSTCs that are sensitive to the reality of being an AfA woman substance user may result in a stronger working alliance.…”