The Egg Yolk Plate Reaction for the Presumptive Diagnosis of
            <i>Clostridium sporogenes</i>
            and Certain Species of the Gangrene and Botulinum Groups

McClung, L. S.; Toabe, R

doi:10.1128/jb.53.2.139-147.1947

Cited by 104 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In addition to this lethal component, all strains of C. bifermentans, whether pathogenic or apathogenic, elaborate a substance causing a well marked Nagler reaction on LV plates (425,682). This factor, which is now known to be a lecithinase, has been studied in some detail by Miles and Miles (725,726) and by Lewis and Macfarlane (589), who report that it is antigenically related to the a-toxin of C. perfringens but differs from it in the pH optima at which it is active, in its lower hemolytic action, and in its almost complete absence of toxicity.…”

Section: E Clostridium Bifermentans (C Sordellii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the organism is grown on nutrient agar to which has been added either sterile human serum or a sterile suspension of egg yolk in saline (lecithovitellin (LV) agar plates), the colonies will be seen to be surrounded after a few hours of incubation by a zone of opacity, owing to the splitting of the lecithovitellin in the medium. This, the so-called "Nagler reaction" or "LV reaction," has been much used in recent years for the rapid identification of C. perfringens, particularly in mixed cultures (423,424,682). The bacillus liquefies gelatin and ferments most of the common carbohydrates with the evolution of acid and large amounts of gas (Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Histotoxic Clostridial Infections of Man 12

Maclennan

1962

Bacteriological Reviews

259

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Section: E Clostridium Bifermentans (C Sordellii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Histotoxic Clostridial Infections of Man 12

Maclennan

1962

Bacteriological Reviews

259

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“…Source of cultures. The seven strains of C. perfringens type A used in these experiments ( (9)], and heat-sensitive [spores formed on Ellner's medium (5) withstood 80C for 15 min, but not 100C for 10 min]. Hemolysis was determined on blood-agar plates with 5% defibrinated sheep blood.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal Strangulation in Clostridium perfringens -Monocontaminated Rats

Yale

Balish

1971

Infect Immun

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Ischemic and hemorrhagic strangulation of closed intestinal segments was studied in germ-free rats individually contaminated with one of seven separate strains of Clostridiwn perfringens type A. The principal findings were that (i) the monocontaminated rats with ischemic or hemorrhagic intestinal strangulation died at the same rapid rate; (ii) intraintestinal blood did not augment the action of C. perfringens in the presence of ischemic strangulation; (iii) although some strains were more toxic than others, several food-poisoning strains were as rapidly fatal as the classical strains; and (iv) the massive amounts of gas produced by some of these strains probably led to the early rupture of the closed segments and rapid death of the animals. The secondary findings were that (i) the injection of C. perfringens into the lumen of the distal small intestine of the germ-free rat produced the typical lesions of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis; and (ii) most of the strains of C. perfringens established themselves throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the unoperated germ-free rat.The intestinal bacteria are a major factor in death from intestinal strangulation. Our laboratories have previously studied intestinal strangulation in conventional, monocontaminated (Sphaerophorus necrophorus and Escherichia coli), and germ-free rats (14-17).The clostridia are common anaerobic sporeforming inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract in man and animals and have been frequently implicated in death from intestinal strangulation. This paper summarizes a series of experiments on the ischemic and hemorrhagic strangulation of closed intestinal segments in germ-free rats monocontaminated with one of seven different classical (gas gangrene) or foodpoisoning strains of Clostridium perfringens type A. MATERIALS AND METHODSOperative procedures. Sprague-Dawley germ-free rats, 130 of each sex, were used in these intestinal strangulation experiments. The average weights and hematocrits were, respectively: males, 439 28[standard deviation (SD)] g; 54.3 ± 2.8 (SD) %; and females, 284 i 19 (SD) g; 50.8 i 2.2 (SD) %. Approximately 18 germ-free rats of each sex were singly caged in each of nine separate flexible-film housing isolators with individually attached operating chambers.One of five separate operative procedures was done on each animal. Under intramuscular sodium pento-barbital anesthesia (25 mg/kg of body weight), the peritoneal cavity was opened through a midline incision. In the first type of operation, either 1 ml of normal saline or 1 ml of a C. perfringens suspension was injected through a no. 30 needle into the lumen of the distal ileum. In the second, a 20-cm segment of distal ileum was isolated by ligating its ends with no. 2 silk. After dividing the bowel above the proximal and below the distal ligatures, an end-to-end anastomosis with interrupted, inverting 6-0 silk was done to restore the intestinal continuity. One milliliter of homologous, heparinized blood (10 units of heparin/ ml) was injected into the lumen of the isola...

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“…This enterotoxin contained 4.2 mg of total protein (biuret method) per ml with an activity of 160 erythemal units (EU) per ml as assayed in the skin of guinea pigs (2). The preparation was shown to be free from alpha toxin by absence of reaction on egg yolk plates (7) which had the sensitivity for detection of alpha toxin concentration as low as 0.5 mouse lethal dose (MLD)/ml. For control purposes, a similar extract was prepared from cells grown in an asporogenic medium CP-2V (3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Secretory Response of Bovine Thiry Jejunal Fistula to Enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens

Niilo¹

1973

Infect Immun

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The effect of enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens type A was studied in Thiry fistula of the bovine jejunum. Accumulation of fluid as a pathological response was demonstrable within 30 min after introduction of enterotoxin into the fistula; the fluid volume increased rapidly within the first 2 hr and reached maximum in 7 hr. The enterotoxin was not destroyed by the jejunal fluid; 52% of it was absorbed in 2 to 3 hr, and all of the enterotoxin was taken up within 8 hr postinoculation. The accumulation of fluid by the fistula after 0.5 to 2 hr of exposure to enterotoxin ceased completely within 5 hr.

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The Egg Yolk Plate Reaction for the Presumptive Diagnosis of Clostridium sporogenes and Certain Species of the Gangrene and Botulinum Groups

Cited by 104 publications

References 7 publications

The Histotoxic Clostridial Infections of Man 12

The Histotoxic Clostridial Infections of Man 12

Intestinal Strangulation in Clostridium perfringens -Monocontaminated Rats

Fluid Secretory Response of Bovine Thiry Jejunal Fistula to Enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens

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