The eight architectural zones of nonmarine basins

Abstract

One of the goals of sequence stratigraphy is to model the conditions that generate stratigraphic architecture at outcrop to basin scales. Accommodation and sedimentation are the principal variables included in sequence-stratigraphic models that describe facies architecture in marine successions. Similar models exist to describe wholly nonmarine architecture. Distinct models are commonly applied to basins containing predominantly lacustrine or predominantly fluvial facies, which can make it difficult to apply models to the entire history of a basin that may include both lacustrine-dominated or fluvial-dominated phases, depending on climatic and tectonic conditions. To account for these changing conditions over the history of nonmarine basins, we present a conceptual three-dimensional model that describes the potential architectural patterns under specific combinations of accommodation, sediment flux, and water balance. Sectors of the model delineate where basins are underfilled or overfilled with respect to accommodation and limited with respect to sediment and water, creating eight zones with different implications for the development of facies architecture. Different types of basins (e.g., foreland, extensional, pull-apart, intracratonic) show broadly different trends in architecture through time. Subtle changes in accommodation, sedimentation, and water balance in the model correspond to shifts in facies architecture between lithostratigraphic units, but architectural transitions within individual basins are more important indicators of evolving basin conditions than comparisons among all basins. This model may serve as a guide for comparing the influence of distinct drivers of architecture among different types of basins as well as identifying important intervals of change during the history of basin filling. The availability of commensurate data on the history of accommodation, sedimentation, and water balance is, however, an ongoing challenge to reconstructing complete basin histories. Future analyses will test how well predicted facies stacking patterns compare to observed nonmarine stratigraphic successions resulting from the combination of accommodation, sediment flux, and water balance during the history of basin filling.

Stratigraphic paleobiology

“…The fluvial nonmarine stratigraphic record is structured differently. First, fluvial systems are divided into LASTs and HASTs; Martinsen et al 1999), which divide a spectrum of possible nonmarine architectures (Holland and Loughney 2021;Loughney and Holland 2023). As the rate of accommodation increases, fluvial channel bodies switch from multistory to single-story, and they become increasingly isolated within floodplain deposits.…”