The Eight Stages of Psychosocial Protective Development: Developmental Psychology

Chung, Ding-Yu

doi:10.4236/jbbs.2018.86024

Cited by 26 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The principal identity in adulthood is society, and the process for the society-identity is sociality to establish relations in diversity. Sociality involves the mature social brain (Chung, 2018). During the adulthood, the connection among neurons in the brain becomes more efficient and numerous than in the childhood brain.…”

Section: Adulthood (18 -65+)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Premodernity, Modernity, Postmodernity, and Eu-Modernity as the Four Stages of Civilizational Developmental Psychology: Comte’s Parallel Human-Civilizational Developments

Chung¹

2020

AASoci

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In this paper, the Auguste Comte's parallel human-civilizational developments in the early nineteenth century are broadened and updated for the twentyfirst century. Comte establishes the parallel between European civilizational development as the law of three stages (the theological stage, the metaphysical stage, and the positive scientific stage) and human development (childhood, adolescence, and adulthood). He holds that each individual human develops from the stage of a devout believer in childhood as in the theological stage, to a critical metaphysician to question the abstract notions of existence in adolescence as in the metaphysical stage, and to a natural philosopher in adulthood as in the positive scientific stage. The Comte's parallel human-civilizational developments are broadened to include collectivism-individualism, human evolution, and developmental psychology from Erikson's psychosocial development, and are updated to include the stages after the nineteenth century. The four stages of infancy, toddlerhood, childhood, and adulthood in the proposed human development are parallel to the four stages of premodernity, modernity, postmodernity, and eu-modernity (post-postmodernity) in the proposed civilizational development. Each individual human develops from believing infancy to believe in parent as believing premodernity to believe in authoritative religion, to autonomous toddlerhood to explore as rational autonomous modernity to explore, to diverse childhood to learn diversity as diverse postmodernity to learn diversity, and to eusocial adulthood to establish eusociality by interdependent division of labor, multigenerational generativity, and intergroup generosity as eusocial eu-modernity to establish eusociality by interdependent division of labor between individualism and collectivism, multigenerational generativity for long-term wellbeing

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Section: Adulthood (18 -65+)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Premodernity, Modernity, Postmodernity, and Eu-Modernity as the Four Stages of Civilizational Developmental Psychology: Comte’s Parallel Human-Civilizational Developments

Chung¹

2020

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“…Later, the division of labor became gatherer-hunter in open savanna habitat. Generativity relation benefits future generations by forming multiple-generation group whose relations depend on legacy [12] [13] [14] [15]. Unlike great apes, infertile women have long life after menopause allows multiple generations to live together.…”

Section: The Instinct: the Mental Protection Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Theisms: The Four Technological Revolutions and the Four Theistic Revolutions

Chung¹

2019

JSS

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This paper posits that in the evolution of theisms, the main function of theism is to pacify enlarged social structure derived from technological revolution. Therefore, the four technological revolutions (the Upper Paleolithic, Agricultural-Bronze, Iron, and Industrial Revolutions) produce the four enlarged social structures (linked egalitarian bands, decentralized union of hierarchical states, mega centralized empire, and global human community, respectively) whose internal conflicts to be pacified by the four theistic revolutions (the Egalitarian Band, Pluralistic State, Top-down Imperial, and Bottom-up Community Theistic Revolutions, respectively, for the egalitarian band, pluralistic state, top-down imperial, and bottom-up community theisms, respectively). This paper deals with the evolution of theisms in accordance of a biological understanding of evolution in terms of natural selection. For natural selection of the evolution of theisms through individual human innovations, theism better adapted to their environment, mainly, the technological revolution, tends to survive and propagate. In conclusion, biological evolution, the evolution of theisms, and bottom-up community theism are bottom-up processes involving bottom-up organisms' efforts.

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“…Generativity relation benefits future generations by forming multiple-generation group whose relations depend on legacy [11] [12] [13] [14]. Unlike great apes, infertile women have a long life after menopause allows multiple generations to live together.…”

Section: Later the Division Of Labor Became Gatherer-hunter In Open mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals in outgroup outside the boundary of one's own group are different in interests and outlook, and produce the feeling of zero-sum competition toward outgroup. The proper behavior as morality toward ingroup is cooperation, whereas the proper behavior toward outgroup is zero-sum competition [16]. Such ingroup-outgroup boundary instinct appears even in infants at few months old [17].…”

Section: Later the Division Of Labor Became Gatherer-hunter In Open mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mental Origins and the Evolution of Political Order

Chung¹

2019

JBBS

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The paper proposes that the four-component structure of political order consists of state, imagination, rule, and accountability whose mental origins are the social brain, theory of mind, the rational brain, and the empirical brain, respectively. The rational brain and the empirical brain are from the thinking brain. This paper posits that in the evolution of political order, the main function of political order is to pacify changed social structure derived from technological revolution. Therefore, the four technological revolutions (the Upper Paleolithic, Agricultural-Bronze, Iron, and Industrial Revolutions) produce the four changed social structures (linked bands, tribe, mega empire, and modern nation, respectively) whose internal conflicts are pacified by the four political revolutions (the imaginative, hierarchical, thinking, bottom-up political revolutions, respectively) to form the four politics (the imaginative egalitarianism, decentralized hierarchical tribalism, centralized top-down thinking, and multilateral bottom-up thinking politics, respectively). In the competitive West originated from Greece and Middle East, the rule of law is the rational rule of competition among competitors, and the accountability of election is the empirical accountability of competition among competitors. In the cooperative East originated from India and China, the rule of relation is the rational rule of cooperation among kin-friends, and the accountability of professional qualification is the empirical accountability of cooperation among kin-friends. For political order, the two viable politics are competitive liberal democracy based on liberty and cooperative well-off democracy (well-off socialism) based on wellbeing. The direction of political order is middle democracy between liberal democracy and well-off democracy based on the multilateral bottom-up thinking politics. IntroductionAccording to Francis Fukuyama [1] [2], political order of liberal democracy consists of three components: the state, the independent rule of law, and the independent accountability of election. A successful liberal democracy combines the three components in perfect balance. State as central authority is strong, but it is bound by a transparent system of rule of law and accountability of election to the will of the people. The book [1] traces the development of political order from the earliest human societies, which were small bands of hunter-gatherers. The original default state of hunter-gatherers was built on sociability derived from kin selection and reciprocal altruism. The first major social development was the transition from hunter-gatherer bands to tribes, made possible by the religion of common ancestors that united large numbers of bands. Warfare also forced the second major social transition, from decentralized tribes to centralized states which offered a better chance of survival. Much of the book's analysis concerns how states develop from tribes. Different states have incorporated the three components of political order differe...

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The Eight Stages of Psychosocial Protective Development: Developmental Psychology

Abstract: The proposed universal psychological mechanism for developmental psy-

Cited by 26 publications

References 21 publications

Premodernity, Modernity, Postmodernity, and Eu-Modernity as the Four Stages of Civilizational Developmental Psychology: Comte’s Parallel Human-Civilizational Developments

Premodernity, Modernity, Postmodernity, and Eu-Modernity as the Four Stages of Civilizational Developmental Psychology: Comte’s Parallel Human-Civilizational Developments

The Evolution of Theisms: The Four Technological Revolutions and the Four Theistic Revolutions

The Mental Origins and the Evolution of Political Order

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