“…For instance, Chang and co-workers (Chang and Misra, 1990;Chang and Lun, 1992;Chang and Liao, 1994;Chang and Gao, 1996;Hicher and Chang, 2005) have derived constitutive relations based on the microstructure for elastic properties of the granular material. Jefferson et al (2002) have presented a discrete particle model which provides an improved estimate for the effective elastic response of cohesive elastic aggregates undergoing homogeneous deformation. Furthermore, Bažant and co-workers have presented microplane model that has been successfully applied to model concrete fracture and anelasticity (Bažant and Caner, 2005).…”