The Electrochemical Behavior of Titanium Improved by Nanotubular Oxide Formed by Anodization for Biomaterial Applications: A Review

Abstract

Titanium oxide nanotube is gaining prominence in many applications like solar energy, sensors, catalyst and biomaterials. In this paper, we briefly review the electrochemical behavior of titanium oxide nanotube prepared by anodization in simulated body fluids. The electrochemical behavior of TiO 2 nanotube depends on its morphology and surface properties. When titanium oxide nanotube formed by anodization, these surface properties are depending strongly on two factors, the parameters of anodization process and the conditions of employed electrolyte. These factors must be chosen in correct manner to optimized titanium oxide nanotube with desired properties for specific application.

Structural, Morphological, and Electrochemical Corrosion Properties of TiO2 Formed on Ti6Al4V Alloys by Anodization

“…However, Al-Swayih have synthesized TiO 2 nanotubes at 30 and 40 V and have observed that the increase in the nanotube length causes a defect surface, which is attributed to the enhanced rate of chemical dissolution at high potential. [17] The same explanations were reported in previous works; [18,25,26] the authors argue that for high applied anodizing voltage, the chemical dissolution of TiO 2 layer weakens the Ti─O bond and produces a porous and random morphology, unlike to a self-organized structure. The chemical composition obtained by EDS characterization (Figure 1b) indicates oxygen deficiency (44.86% O, 33.51% Ti).…”

“…The physiological environment of the human body was simulated with Hank's solution for in vitro corrosion studies; its chemical composition is given in Table 1. [6,17,22] The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies were conducted in AC-frequency domain using Biologic SP-150 system from 100 kHz to 10 mHz, with 5 mV amplitude around the open circuit potential (OCP). The temperature was thermostatically kept at 37°C, and the pH was measured to be 7.40.…”

“…[14] The adopted approach to improve the osteointegration was to modify the metal surfaces by means of different techniques inducing more efficiency in the implant/bone interface, such as a chemical functionalization [15,16] and anodizing. [17][18][19] The later has been extensively applied for titanium and its alloys. In fact, it is well known that anodizing is an electrochemical process that allows producing highly protective layers by oxidation of metal surfaces; it also permits to elaborate TiO 2 nanostructures (nanopores, nanotubes) with variable size, shape, and morphologies by controlling anodizing parameters such as the voltage, the composition of electrolyte, and the treatment duration.…”

“…In order to improve the titanium surface, different approaches have been taken; for example, several solvents have been chosen such as acid, [1,17] organic, [3,4] or mixed acid-organic electrolytes. [2] Other studies have focused their work on the influence of the nature of the cathode (Pt, graphite, Al, stainless steel).…”

Establishing the patterns in the formation of oxide films on the alloy Ti6Al4V in carbonic acid solutions

“…The effect of the nature of the electrolyte on the growth of an oxide film on titanium in alkaline and acidic solutions is shown in [17]; however, the effect of the electrolysis regime is not studied. The electrochemical fabrication and behavior of TiO 2 nanotubes is considered in [18]. The properties of nanotubes depend on the anodizing conditions; however, continuous films must be used to coat the implants.…”