2020
DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2194-5
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The electrochemical fabrication of hydrogels: a short review

Abstract: Electrochemical hydrogel fabrication is the process of preparing hydrogels directly on to an electrode surface. There are a variety of methods to fabricate hydrogels, which are specific to the type of gelator and the desired properties of the hydrogel. A range of analytical methods that can track this gelation and characterise the final properties are discussed in this short review.

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Cited by 19 publications
(21 citation statements)
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“…Due to its unique properties, this chitosan-agarose hydrogel has gained increasing attention in materials science. [23][24][25][26][27][28] The memory-film is formed by: (i) casting a blend of chitosan (1.5%) and agarose (1%) onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode; and (ii) electrochemically grafting catechol [29] by immersing the hydrogel coated electrode into a catechol solution (10 × 10 −3 m catechol in phosphate buffer, pH 7.0) and applying an anodic voltage (1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl; various times up to 30 min) for a controlled charge transfer (Q fab = ∫idt). As illustrated in Figure 1a, we adapted the informal nomenclature that is commonly used in the literature to abbreviate chitosan (Chit) and distinguish its two states: the positively charged protonated state (Chit-H + ) and the deprotonated neutral state (Chit 0 ).…”
Section: Redox Is Emerging As An Alternative Modality For Bio-device Communicationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Due to its unique properties, this chitosan-agarose hydrogel has gained increasing attention in materials science. [23][24][25][26][27][28] The memory-film is formed by: (i) casting a blend of chitosan (1.5%) and agarose (1%) onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode; and (ii) electrochemically grafting catechol [29] by immersing the hydrogel coated electrode into a catechol solution (10 × 10 −3 m catechol in phosphate buffer, pH 7.0) and applying an anodic voltage (1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl; various times up to 30 min) for a controlled charge transfer (Q fab = ∫idt). As illustrated in Figure 1a, we adapted the informal nomenclature that is commonly used in the literature to abbreviate chitosan (Chit) and distinguish its two states: the positively charged protonated state (Chit-H + ) and the deprotonated neutral state (Chit 0 ).…”
Section: Redox Is Emerging As An Alternative Modality For Bio-device Communicationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We are investigating the use of redox as a modality for bioelectronic communication [ 2,30,31 ] and have previously shown that the coating of electrodes with catechol‐based hydrogel films confers important molecular electronic properties for amplifying, rectifying, and gating redox‐based electrical currents. [ 15,17,32–35 ] Here, we extended a simple electrofabrication method [ 36–42 ] to pattern catechols onto a flexible hydrogel film, and developed a network model to analyze the redox‐based electron flow through this patterned region. We report that: the patterned catechol regions serve as a node for the networked flow of electrons; both the catechol pattern and the redox‐state of the catechol node can be detected (i.e., “read”) optically and electrochemically; and the redox‐state of this node can be switched through biologically based (i.e., enzymatic) activities.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this class, the sol‐gel transition can be controlled and triggered by applying an appropriate signal; in some cases, the sol‐gel transition is reversible making the system attractive, for example, in biosensing applications where the hydrogel is resettable dependent on the sensing demands. Electrochemical‐based fabrication of chitosan hydrogels is one example to achieve hydrogel assembly with high spatio‐temporal precision [9, 10] . Chitosan is an attractive material given its properties of biocompatibility, reversible gelation, and amenability to chemical functionalization [11–14] .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%