The electrorectogram in Hirschsprung's disease

Myoblast differentiation on growth factor-immobilized polycaprolactone microparticles: a potential bioactive bulking agent for fecal incontinence

“…Since the first use of a bulking agent in 1993 [12], various bulking agents, including autologous fat [9,10], glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen (Contingen ® ) [11], polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) [12], pyrolytic carbon-coated beads (Durasphere ® ) [13,14], dextranomer microspheres (Solesta TM ) [7,15], polydimethylsiloxane particles (PTQ ® or Bioplastique ® ) [16], and calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres (Coaptite ® ) [17], have been used for injection therapy for FI. Although bulking agents have been shown to be easy, safe, and effective therapy in short-term studies [38][39][40], they cannot be accepted as a general therapeutic tool to cover the wide spectrum of FI because their simple passive bulking effect inevitably leads to the decrement of efficacy over time (by resorption or migration).…”

“…As with urinary incontinence, the bulking agent is injected into the submucosal or intersphincter space for volume augmentation at anal cushions, and thus increases the sealing property of the anal canal, resulting in symptomatic relief [8]. A variety of bulking agents based on natural and synthetic materials [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] have been tried for injection therapy for FI. Although the bulking agent is accepted as a therapeutic technique for some patients with mild or moderate FI symptom, many clinicians consider that the technique cannot be an ideal solution for FI because of its short-term efficacy as a result of resorption or particle migration over time and inability to enhance the anal sphincter function [6,18].…”

Rectal Pacing: Pacing Parameters Required for Rectal Evacuation of Normal and Constipated Subjects

“…Thus it is presumable that disorders of rectal myoelectric activity impair rectal motility. This is evidenced in the electrorectograms recorded for various pathologic lesions [7][8][9][10][11]. In these conditions, the diminished frequency, amplitude, and velocity of conduction of the electric waves are believed to be below the required thresholds necessary for induction and propagation of rectal contractions.…”

“…Rectal myoelectric activity exhibits changes in various pathologic conditions of the rectum [7][8][9][10][11]. These changes take the form of "rectal dysrhythmia," which is differentiated into bradyrectia, tachyrectia, and rectoarrhythmia.…”

“…As mentioned before, normal rectal electric rhythm ranges from 2 to 4 cpm. "Bradyrectia" is defined as diminished PP frequency to less than 1 cycle/min, "tachyrectia" as increased regular frequency to more than 6 cycles/min, and "rectoarrhythmia" as waves with irregular rhythm [7][8][9][10][11].…”