The elite exclusion: stratified access and production during the Chinese higher education expansion

Abstract

This paper presents new evidence on how enrollment expansion affects higher education access and production with a focus on social inequality and institutional stratification. From 1999 to 2012, the world’s largest higher education expansion happened in China that annual college enrollment dramatically increased from 1,083,600 to 6,888,300. We evaluate this exogenous, unprecedented policy using nationally representative student-level survey data and newly available confidential institution-level data. Enrollment expansion, which reduced per-student resources, negatively impacted college quality as measured by value-added on graduates’ employment and earnings. The inequality in access between high- and low-SES students and the stratified production between college institutional tiers persisted during expansion.

“There is a hell and heaven difference among faculties who are from quota and those who are non-quota”: under the veneer of the “New Middle Class” production of Indian public universities

“…Within this paper, we have located our argument in the discourse of the rise of the New Middle Class (NMC) in India from the 1990s (Fernandes & Heller, 2006;Sheth, 1999). This echoes production patterns of social stratification in contexts of high participation in higher education (Marginson, 2016) through to developing contexts as diverse as China (Ding et al, 2021;Tsang, 2013), Chile (Chiappa & Perez Mejias, 2019), and Russia (Konstantinovskiy, 2017). What we found was that rather than practicing social justice, the enactment of policies of affirmative action have altered public universities into producers of the NMC even while they claim to be expansive and inclusive.…”

Ensino Superior e desenvolvimento regional: contribuições para região da Serra da Ibiapaba a partir de uma unidade descentralizada

“…A segunda questão que pode ser discutida é á expansão desigual no globo. De acordo com Ding et al (2021) o século XX foi marcado pela expansão do Ensino Superior na maioria dos países onde as taxas nos anos 50 era de 3% e a partir dos anos 70 essa taxa subiu para 38%; P á g i n a | 480 contudo, em outras nações o crescimento desses valores só ocorreu nas últimas décadas, sinalizando uma desigualdade entre as nações relacionadas ao desempenho estudantil na Educação Superior.…”

The impact of college enrollment expansion policy on income gap: a case study from China

“…For instance, Gustafsson and Li (2000), Yao and Lai (2004), Wang (2005), Deng (2007), Xing (2008), Hou (2017), Shi (2018) have used the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to calculate the contribution of education in the income gap between residents, and Landmesser J. (2019), Qing (2020), Dang (2021) , Hu (2022) have applied the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition procedure to study income inequality under gender differences, while Xie and Yao (2006), Liu (2021) have combined the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and the Cotton decomposition to carry out research in this field; Meng and Zhang (2001), Li and Ma (2006) have adopted the Brown decomposition to study the impact of the occupational segmentation on the income inequality; Ge (2007) and Zhang (2020) have used the Applenton decomposition to study the extent to which sector choice can affect the gender income gap; Yao and Li (2007) have used the Mincer income model to study changes in the income inequality in unified groups; Chen and Duan (2009), Hua (2018), Ding (2021) have applied the MM decomposition to study the gender income distribution gap. Additionally, , , Fang (2020) have adopted the FFL decomposition (Firpo 2009) to study the income inequality.…”