The Emergence of Grade A Eggs as a Major Source of Salmonella enteritidis Infections

Louis, Michael E. St.; Morse, Dale L.; Potter, Morris E.; DeMelfi, Thomas M.; Guzewich, Jack; Tauxe, Robert V.; Blake, Paul A.

doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03720140023028

Cited by 374 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This serotype is among the most common pathogens of chickens that could also adversely affect human health following exposure to infected or contaminated chicken products 18,30 . Furthermore it can also cause serious disease in other livestock species such as cattle and sheep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective study on the incidence of Salmonella isolations in animals in South Africa, 1996 to 2006

Kidanemariam¹,

Engelbrecht²,

Picard³

2010

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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A retrospective study that involves the analysis of laboratory diagnostic data collected during the period 1996-2006 was conducted. A total of 3417 Salmonella isolations involving 183 different serotypes was recorded from 1999-2006, inclusive, at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, South Africa. The most common serotypes were Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (917 incidents), Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Dublin (248 incidents), Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis (232 incidents), Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Muenchen (164 incidents), Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Heidelberg (118 incidents) and Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Chester (113 incidents). The number of recorded Salmonella isolations over the period 1996 to 2006 varies considerably from year to year. The peak of 693 isolations was recorded in 1997, and the lowest, 108 incidents, in 2001. Of the total incidents recorded during the period of survey, 2410 (70.5 %) occurred in poultry and other birds, 641 (18.75 %) occurred in cattle, 255 (7.46) in pigs and 111 (3.24 %) in sheep. Despite the large number of serotypes isolated (183), 52% of incidents were due to only 6 serotypes in decreasing order of prevalence : S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin, S. Enteritidis, S. Muenchen, S. Heidelberg and S. Chester. Serovar Typhimurium was the most common serotype and was detected in all animal species sampled, with, 65 % (598) of the incidents occurring in poultry and 20 % (187) occurring in cattle. Of the total of 248 incidents of S. Dublin serotype, 95.6 % (237) of incidents occurred in cattle and of the 232 isolates of S. Enteritidis, 223 (96 %) originated from poultry. Serovar Choleraesuis was identified in 16 isolates from pigs. The following 4 serotypes were each recorded in more than 50 incidents : S. Hadar (102), S. Schwarzengrund (99), S. Mbandaka (94) and S. Sandiego (73). The trends of annual incidence of Salmonella infection in cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry and other birds during the 11-year period and the distribution of the main serotypes in individual species of animals from 1996-2006 are discussed

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective study on the incidence of Salmonella isolations in animals in South Africa, 1996 to 2006

Kidanemariam¹,

Engelbrecht²,

Picard³

2010

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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“…The complete ELISA allowed us to potentially detect all prevalent serovars isolated on French pig farms belonging to the B, E1, C1, or C2 groups, because it was based on the somatic antigens (O : 1,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,12). In comparison, theoretically 95% of Salmonella serovars occurring in Danish pigs are detectable with the mix-ELISA based on S. Typhimurium (O : 1, 4, 5, 12) and Choleraesuis antigens (O : 6, 7) developed by Nielsen et al [14] in Denmark [1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although it has been well established that poultry is a major source of food-poisoning caused by Salmonella [12], pork also contributes to human infections [13,19]. ELISA is a valuable tool to detect infected pigs [14] because it is inexpensive and rapid compared with the bacteriological method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a complete ELISA using Salmonella lipopolysaccharides of various serogroups allowing to detect all infected pigs

Proux¹,

Houdayer²,

Humbert³

et al. 2000

Vet. Res.

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-Although poultry is recognized as the major source of food-poisoning caused by Salmonella, pork also contributes to human infections. This study was therefore undertaken in order to develop a reliable serological method for the evaluation of the Salmonella status of piglets. A complete ELISA was performed using lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella Typhimurium, Anatum, Hadar and Infantis because these serovars were representative of the serogroups isolated from 30 contaminated fattening farms. S. Enteritidis was also added because of its importance in human infection and to include the O : 9 antigen. This method potentially detects 100% of infected pigs. A significant correlation was found between this serological method and the bacteriological data from mesenteric lymph nodes (p = 0.01). In addition, both sensitivity and specificity were high (97% and 94% respectively). The ELISA test was therefore used in a cross-sectional study on 4 farms to evaluate when pigs became contaminated: seropositive pigs were only found for the 20 week old finishing pigs. The antibody response to Salmonella in piglets was also investigated: maternal antibodies persisted until 7 weeks of age and post-Salmonella contamination seroconversion was detected from 8 weeks of age onwards.ELISA / Salmonella / pig / epidemiology Résumé -Mise au point d'une méthode ELISA complète basée sur des lipopolysaccharides de plusieurs sérogroupes permettant de détecter tous les porcs infectés par des salmonelles. Bien que la volaille soit la principale source d'intoxication alimentaire par les salmonelles, le porc contribue aussi à la contamination humaine. Cette étude a été menée pour mettre au point une technique sérologique permettant d'évaluer le statut infectieux des porcelets vis-à-vis des salmonelles. Une technique ELISA dite complète a été élaborée avec des lipopolysaccharides de Salmonella Typhimurium, Anatum, Hadar et Infantis, sérovars représentatifs des sérogroupes isolés dans 30 élevages engraisseurs contaminés. S. Enteritidis a été ajoutée en raison de son importance dans les infections humaines et afin d'inclure l'antigène O : 9. Cette méthode permet de dépister potentiellement 100 % Vet. Res. 31 (2000) [481][482][483][484][485][486][487][488][489][490] 481

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“…Over 70% of the infections were traced to foods containing grade 'A' eggs. In 1990, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) found that from 1979 to 1987, incidents of salmonella had increased in 24 of 35 nations under surveillance including Spain, Hungary, France, Norway and the USA (Lane et al, 2014;Poppe, 1999;Rodrigue et al, 1990;St. Louis et al, 1988).…”

Section: Salmonella In England and Walesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complexity of the international food industry

McDowell¹

2017

IJSSS

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Abstract:The international food industry is a complex and intertwined system of actions and re-actions covering many areas. Multiple concepts presented by scholarly literature are examined emphasising the vastness and complexity of international trade activities conducted by multiple nations with multiple resources. Research and discussions concerning the international food industry include religions, health, nutritional, moral, political and economic characteristics when examining the complexity of the international food industry. Variations in how different countries, different cultures and religious beliefs, different health and safety standards, and different business practices interact with each other in the international food industry are analysed. How international food industries are influenced by complex issues of cultural and religious processing requirements, food safety, food crimes, and governmental economic negotiations are examined through qualitative and empirical analysis. Game Theory and internal controls used in fraud detection is examined for further research supporting strategic moves of international trade participants.

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The Emergence of Grade A Eggs as a Major Source of Salmonella enteritidis Infections

Cited by 374 publications

References 19 publications

Retrospective study on the incidence of Salmonella isolations in animals in South Africa, 1996 to 2006

Retrospective study on the incidence of Salmonella isolations in animals in South Africa, 1996 to 2006

Development of a complete ELISA using Salmonella lipopolysaccharides of various serogroups allowing to detect all infected pigs

The complexity of the international food industry

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