The Emergence of International Law

Abstract

The emergence of international law and periodization of its development remain relevant today. In general, most scientists consider that there were limited manifestations of international law in the era of Antiquity and the European Middle Ages. However, the manifestations that did emerge are significant. In particular, the practice of settling interstate agreements in the Ancient East evidences such importance. In the context of ancient civilization, this practice reached a new level. It led to the emergence of sufficiently broad alliances of states and at the same time, customary international law, as was observed in the international legal practices in the times of Hellenistic era and the era of the Roman Empire.

Investigation of thermodynamic properties of single-layer two-component coatings

“…Alloys of the K-Rb system in the rigid lattice approximation were studied by us in [1,3]. This work is a natural continuation of the works [3,4]. As a first step, the calculation of the density of phonon states was performed in Matlab.…”

“…where kB -is the Boltzmann constant. The expression for the free energy F0 (the alloy atoms are in the equilibrium position) is given in [3,4]. The table shows the results of calculations.…”

“…where � -is a 3×3 matrix; ã -is a column vector, the elements of which are ak Explicit analytical expressions for Vχχ'(q), (χ,χ' = 1,2) are given in [4]. The study of the role of fluctuation effects in the dynamics of disordered systems will be the subject of the next article.…”