The emergence of order in the Drosophila pupal retina

Cagan, Ross L.; Ready, Donald F.

doi:10.1016/0012-1606(89)90261-3

Cited by 420 publications

(447 citation statements)

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“…Excess lattice cells are removed through PCD leaving just one lattice cell to form a secondary pigment cell stretched between tertiary pigment cells and bristle groups (Figure 1d). 7,9,10 Our studies into spatial regulation of lattice cell death began by investigating whether molecular apoptotic markers identify dying cells early enough in the process to allow us to view their positions. Although both terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and an antibody that recognizes a Drosophila activated caspase (anti-cleaved caspase 3 (CC3)) 22 label dying lattice cells, neither could resolve the 'starting' position of the apoptotic cells because by the time these methods identified dying cells, they had lost their apical contacts and shrunk basally (Figure 1e Live visualization of the developing pupal retina unambiguously identifies dying cells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The static nature of ultrastructural studies made it impossible to determine whether dying lattice cells occupied specific positions between ommatidia. 9,10 Live visualization of the pupal retina is advantageous because it not only allows snapshots to capture specific events but also allows one to identify an apoptotic cell, and essentially look back in time to assign the cell's position before death.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior to the onset of PCD, an excess number of cells lie between ommatidial units; a subset of these seemingly identical cells is removed through cell death, leaving just the right number of cells to solidify the perfect hexagonal lattice of the eye. 9,10 It is not known how PCD is regulated to ensure that the proper number of cells die. 7 In contrast to PCD in Caenorhabditis elegans, lattice cell death is not specified by lineage; therefore, cell death in the developing Drosophila retina must be directed by positional information through cell-cell communication, 11,12 as is also the case in mammalian development.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies using electron microscopy were unable to determine whether certain cell contacts promote life or death among lattice cells. 9,10 To definitively address where a cell resides when it is instructed to die, we developed a new method to watch the apoptotic process occur in the living pupal eye. Our livevisualization experiments demonstrate that doomed lattice cells are not chosen randomly with respect to their spatial position.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Identification of the death zone: a spatially restricted region for programmed cell death that sculpts the fly eye

Monserrate

Brachmann

2006

Cell Death Differ

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Programmed cell death (PCD) sculpts many developing tissues. The final patterning step of the Drosophila retina is the elimination, through PCD, of a subset of interommatidial lattice cells during pupation. It is not understood how this process is spatially regulated to ensure that cells die in the proper positions. To address this, we observed PCD of lattice cells in the pupal retina in real time. This live-visualization method demonstrates that lattice cell apoptosis is a highly specific process. In all, 85% of lattice cells die in exclusive 'death zone' positions between adjacent ommatidia. In contrast, cells that make specific contacts with primary pigment cells are protected from death. Two signaling pathways, Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (dEgfr) and Notch, that are thought to be central to the regulation of lattice cell survival and death, are not sufficient to establish the death zone. Thus, application of live visualization to the fly eye gives new insight into a dynamic developmental process.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of the death zone: a spatially restricted region for programmed cell death that sculpts the fly eye

Monserrate

Brachmann

2006

Cell Death Differ

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“…The remaining cells undergo a final round of cell division, the second mitotic wave, before the remaining photoreceptors and cone cells are recruited to each cluster (10). The precise lattice of interommatidial cells is formed by differentiation and cell death during the pupal stages (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wingless Signaling in Drosophila Eye Development

Legent

Treisman

2008

Methods in Molecular Biology

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The Drosophila eye disc gives rise to both the retina and the surrounding head capsule. The secreted morphogen Wingless (Wg) plays an important role in subdividing the disc between these two tissues; wg is expressed in the anterior lateral margins, regions that will give rise to the head capsule, and high levels of Wg signaling promote this fate. Wg is expressed earlier and more strongly in the dorsal than the ventral margin, and also contributes to specifying dorsal identity. In addition, Wg signaling can cause overgrowth of eye disc cells. Finally, at pupal stages, wg expression surrounds the eye and a gradient of Wg establishes several distinct peripheral cell fates. We describe how to generate clones of cells mutant for genes encoding components of the Wg signaling pathway in the eye disc and examine their effects on photoreceptor differentiation by antibody staining.

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Biogenesis of surface domains in fly photoreceptor cells: Fine-structural analysis of the plasma membrane and immunolocalization of Na+,K+ ATPase and ?-spectrin during cell differentiation

Baumann

1997

J. Comp. Neurol.

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Electron microscopic examination of pupal and adult blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala) retina provides novel details on the biogenesis of the photoreceptor surface, particularly regarding the development of the microvillar rhabdomere and associated structures, such as the submicrovillar endoplasmic reticulum. Localization of the Na+, K(+)-ATPase on the surface of developing photoreceptors has also been examined by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy. Na+, K(+)-ATPase has a nonpolarized distribution in midpupal photoreceptors that are determined by fate but that are not yet completely differentiated. Large amounts of Na+, K(+)-ATPase are synthesized and delivered to the cell surface throughout the second half of pupal life. At certain time points in late pupal development, specific membrane domains become cleared of Na+, K(+)-ATPase in the photoreceptors R1-R6. However, the distribution of Na+, K(+)-ATPase remains nonpolarized in R7/R8, even after eclosion. Because the membrane-associated cytoskeleton plays a direct role in the establishment and maintenance of membrane domains in a variety of systems, it is of interest to study the distribution of alpha-spectrin and its possible association with Na+, K(+)-ATPase. The localization of alpha-spectrin resembles the distribution pattern of Na+, K(+)-ATPase in midpupal and adult photoreceptors. However, changes in Na+, K(+)-ATPase localization in late pupal photoreceptors precede the redistribution of alpha-spectrin by several days. Biochemical studies of cellular membranes demonstrate further that Na+, K(+)-ATPase can be solubilized by Triton X-100, although alpha-spectrin remains in a macromolecular complex. These results indicate that the development and the maintenance of the polarized Na+, K(+)-ATPase distribution in blowfly photoreceptors are not tightly coupled to alpha-spectrin.

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The emergence of order in the Drosophila pupal retina

Cited by 420 publications

References 20 publications

Identification of the death zone: a spatially restricted region for programmed cell death that sculpts the fly eye

Identification of the death zone: a spatially restricted region for programmed cell death that sculpts the fly eye

Wingless Signaling in Drosophila Eye Development

Biogenesis of surface domains in fly photoreceptor cells: Fine-structural analysis of the plasma membrane and immunolocalization of Na+,K+ ATPase and ?-spectrin during cell differentiation

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