The emergence of the solar photovoltaic power industry in China

Zhao, Zhenyu; Zhang, Shuang-Ying; Hubbard, Bryan; Xue, Yan

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.066

Cited by 109 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Similar findings were also reported by Jacobson (2007). Some other battery challenges found in some households and reported by others (Foley 1991;Jacobson 2007;Hajat et al 2010;Liu et al 2010;Mekhilef et al 2012;Pandey et al 2012;and Zhao et al 2013) are one; the use of car batteries not designed for frequent deep charging and discharge cycles -therefore lasting only a year or so at most. Two, excessive charging and discharging and neglecting to top up with distilled water which results in rapid failures.…”

Section: Landowner Spv Infrastructuresupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Only those with capacities over 45W would provide such capabilities and as data from this community shows those were also the least affordable. This appears to be the case for other areas too (for example studies by Ellegård & Nordström 2001;Gustavsson 2002Gustavsson , 2003Rockström, et al 2005;Jacobson 2007;Chua & Oh 2012;Zhao et al 2013).…”

Section: Landowner Spv Infrastructurementioning

confidence: 89%

“…Passive solar collectors also require availability of running water (common in urban settings but uncommon in many rural households), limiting their availability to areas where running water is available. In rural areas for now, it appears the increased use of these generally affordable passive solar collectors might require an initial government or non-government promotion and goodwill, and better still more focused market attention and promotion (Kalumiana 2002;Zhao et al 2013). Adoption by this community of innovative techniques in solar water heating like those routinely used in rural China (Liu et al 2010) will be a step in the right direction.…”

Section: D) Solar Water Heating Ironing and Other Usesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of energy use cooking, heating and lighting are by far the highest consumers of energy in developing countries (Barnes & Halpern 2000;Osuagwu et al 2011;Zhao et al 2013). There is also a major distinction between energy types used in both urban and rural areas in many developing nations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Starting from the late 1980s and 1990s energy developmental attention focused on economic liberalization and market-based approaches that greatly fuelled and expanded private sector participation. (Jacobson 2004;Jacobson 2007;Hajat, Banks, Aiken & Shackleton 2010;Brew-Hammond 2010;Mekhilef et al 2011;Zhao et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of a Successful Unsubsidized Market-Based Rural Solar Development Initiative in Laikipia District, Central Kenya

Wambuguh

2013

Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev.

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ABSTRACT:The development of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in many areas far from grid-based electricity have primarily involved solar photovoltaics (SPVs) which tap solar radiation to provide heat, light, hot water, electricity, and cooling for homes, businesses, and industry. A study on RETs took place in the Wiyumiririe Location of Laikipia District (north-central Kenya), a rich agricultural region. To explore this solar initiative in such a remote part of the country, a purposive randomized convenience sample of 246 households was selected and landowner interviews conducted, followed by field visits and observations. Although more than half of the households visited had SPV installations, solar energy was found to contribute only 18% of household estimated total energy needs; most residents still primarily relying on traditional energy sources. Several types of solar panels of different capacities and costs were utilized. Many landowners had at least one or two rooms using solar energy for household lighting, for appliance charging and to power radio and television. Almost all respondents appreciated that solar energy was clean renewable energy that greatly improved household living conditions; gave them some prestige; was easy to use and maintain; and was available year around. Although such significant benefits were associated with SPVs, only about 40% of residents interviewed were somehow satisfied with its development. Respondents expressed specific developmental initiatives that were closely associated with the availability of solar energy. Nevertheless, a number of challenges were raised associated with SPVs primarily investment capital and equipment costs and maintenance. As solutions to capital building will not solely rely on subsidies or individual farmer inputs, strategies must be found to mobilize the essential and tested tools for success including sustainable capital generation, building local institutions and capacities that integrate rural people, local participation in rural development activities and public education and training.

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Section: Landowner Spv Infrastructuresupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Landowner Spv Infrastructurementioning

confidence: 89%

Section: D) Solar Water Heating Ironing and Other Usesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of a Successful Unsubsidized Market-Based Rural Solar Development Initiative in Laikipia District, Central Kenya

Wambuguh

2013

Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev.

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An Ultrahigh‐Flux Nanoporous Graphene Membrane for Sustainable Seawater Desalination using Low‐Grade Heat

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2022

Advanced Materials

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MD) is a simple process that utilizes heat to drive vapor to pass through a porous hydrophobic membrane and obtains clean and fresh water in the permeate, while liquid water is blocked by surface hydrophobicity. [2] The potential of using lowgrade heat has made MD a promising low-cost and sustainable water desalination technology. [3] MD is also a key technology in many zero-discharge sustainable processes because the "last-mile" of such processes often involves a high-salinity water solution that is failed to be treated by other desalination technologies, while MD can in principle harvest 100% water from either polluted or high salinity waters. [4] The reported MD membranes are typically prepared from hydrophobic polymers such as polypropylene (PP), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE). [5] However, these membranes have suffered from low flux. Structural optimization using, for example, sandwiched, hierarchical, or Janus structures, has been studied extensively to improve the flux. [6] Nevertheless, the best-reported membrane flux thus far is less than 80 L m −2 h −1 (LMH) in the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) mode even under a high temperature gradient of 90/20 °C. [2a,6a,7] As a result, applications of these membranes in sustainable processes such as solar-driven MD systems have shown far below the practically required water capacity.In our previous work, we found a graphitic carbon nanowire membrane showing a superior water flux of 400 LMH at 90/20 °C in vacuum membrane distillation process (VMD) mode because of the fast water transport on the graphitic surface and the short transport pathway. [8] However, the 1D forest-like carbon nanowires also caused profound concentration polarization. In contrast, the atomically thin 2D graphene, another graphitic carbon material, with a similar surface masstransfer property to the 1D carbon nanowires/tubes, could ameliorate these challenges, while holds potentially even shorter transport distance thus higher MD performance. [9] However, because of its impermeability and insufficient strength over large areas, a functional graphene membrane will require postsynthesis pore generation and transfer to porous support. Both have been proved to be of great challenge in the current studies. [9c,10] Membrane distillation has attracted great attention in the development of sustainable desalination and zero-discharge processes because of its possibility of recovering 100% water and the potential for integration with low-grade heat, such as solar energy. However, the conventional membrane structures and materials afford limited flux thus obstructing its practical application. Here, ultrathin nanoporous graphene membranes are reported by selectively forming thin graphene layers on the top edges of a highly porous anodic alumina oxide support, which creates short and fast transport pathways for water vapor but not liquid. The process avoids the challenging pore-generation and substrate-transfer processes required to prepare regu...

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Economic analysis of an industrial photovoltaic system coupling with battery storage

et al. 2019

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Summary The Energy and Evaluation Special Committee of the China Price Association proposed two types of bill for battery energy storage (BES) subsidies in 2017: the first was that energy storage should be subsidised based on the initial installation capacity of BES system, while the second was that it should be subsidised based on the energy discharged by the BES system during the operational period. The economic benefits of a distributed photovoltaic (PV) system or a distributed system with PV and BES in the overall life cycle are discussed in the context of an industrial zone in Shanghai. The results suggest that the net present value (NPV) of a PV‐BES system with an optimised configuration is higher than the NPV of a PV system alone. The NPV of a distributed PV system with four different BESs is found to decrease in the order Li‐ion > NaS > VFB > Pb‐C because of the characteristics of their batteries. The NPVs of PV‐BES systems increase in equal proportion to the increase in the BES subsidy based on installation capacity for these four BES systems, while they show an inequable growth rate of earnings for the same BES subsidy based on the energy discharged over the operational period. The second bill for BES subsidy is more beneficial to the BES industry than the first, as it encourages higher pay for more work.

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The emergence of the solar photovoltaic power industry in China

Cited by 109 publications

References 6 publications

A Review of a Successful Unsubsidized Market-Based Rural Solar Development Initiative in Laikipia District, Central Kenya

A Review of a Successful Unsubsidized Market-Based Rural Solar Development Initiative in Laikipia District, Central Kenya

An Ultrahigh‐Flux Nanoporous Graphene Membrane for Sustainable Seawater Desalination using Low‐Grade Heat

Economic analysis of an industrial photovoltaic system coupling with battery storage

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