The Emerging Neurobioeconomy: Implications for National Security

DeFranco, Joseph; Rhemann, Maureen; Giordano, James

doi:10.1089/hs.2020.0009

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The likelihood of true negative effect(s) need not be as stringent, given that any disruptive "side effects" could be regarded as tolerable, if not desirable. If we consider "weapons, " as literally defined, to be "ways of contending against others" (13), then as shown in Figure 1, these approaches can be utilized for disruptive economic and ecologic effect (i.e., non-kinetically, as "soft weapons") to exercise financial hegemony in local, regional and/or global markets (14). Alternatively, they could be employed for disruptive, destructive effect (i.e., kinetically, as "hard weapons") to yield power through more profound articulation of specifically individual [viz., high profile target (s)] or mass casualty [e.g., morbidity or mortality, actions, (15)].…”

Section: Data Drive Precision Medicine and Its Anticipated Benefits-a...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Safely balancing a double-edged blade: identifying and mitigating emerging biosecurity risks in precision medicine

DiEuliis,

Giordano

2024

Front. Med.

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Tools and methods of precision medicine are developing rapidly, through both iterative discoveries enabled by innovations in biomedical research (e.g., genome editing, synthetic biology, bioengineered devices). These are strengthened by advancements in information technology and the increasing body of data—as assimilated, analyzed, and made accessible—and affectable—through current and emerging cyber—and systems- technologies. Taken together, these approaches afford ever greater volume and availability of individual and collective human data. Machine learning and/or artificial intelligence approaches are broadening this dual use risk; and in the aftermath of COVID-19, there is growing incentive and impetus to gather more biological data from individuals and their environments on a routine basis. By engaging these data—and the interventions that are based upon them, precision medicine offer promise of highly individualized treatments for disease and injury, optimization of structure and function, and concomitantly, the potential for (mis) using data to incur harm. This double-edged blade of benefit and risk obligates the need to safeguard human data from purloinment, through systems, guidelines and policies of a novel discipline, cyberbiosecurity, which, as coupled to ethical precepts, aims to protect human privacy, agency, and safety in ways that remain apace with scientific and technological advances in biomedicine. Herein, current capabilities and trajectories precision medicine are described as relevant to their dual use potential, and approaches to biodata security (viz.- cyberbiosecurity) are proposed and discussed.

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Section: Data Drive Precision Medicine and Its Anticipated Benefits-a...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Safely balancing a double-edged blade: identifying and mitigating emerging biosecurity risks in precision medicine

DiEuliis,

Giordano

2024

Front. Med.

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“…The last topic was accessibility of healthcare. While neuroprostheses may resolve certain social inequalities, they could give rise to new ones if devices are not affordable and access is unequal (McCormick 2010, Miziara et al 2012, Jebari 2013, Mikołajewski and Mikołajewski 2013, Thébaut 2013, Wolbring 2013, Glannon 2016, Goering and Yuste 2016, Rosenfeld and Wong 2017, Hochman et al 2018, Keskinbora and Keskinbora 2018, Sullivan et al 2018, DeFranco et al 2020, Hansson 2020, Chari et al 2021. On a similar note, neuroprostheses are scarce resources and therefore need to be distributed in a fair manner (Miziara et al 2012, Jebari and Hansson 2013, Wolbring 2013, Duarte et al 2015, Glannon 2016, Burwell et al 2017, Rosenfeld and Wong 2017, Hochman et al 2018.…”

Section: Societal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, several authors argued that legal guidance or regulation has to be in place in order to ensure the safety of neuroprostheses and to protect their users (Demetriades et al 2010, Jebari and Hansson 2013, Mikołajewski and Mikołajewski 2013, Tracey and Flower 2014, Glannon 2016, Burwell et al 2017, Kellmeyer 2018, Hendriks et al 2019, Sample et al 2019. More specifically, existing regulatory bodies and/or international regulation should ensure robust evaluation in the changing technological landscape (Jebari and Hansson 2013, DeFranco et al 2020, Reilly 2020, Chari et al 2021. Some argued that the regulation of the development of neuroprostheses should be balanced between protection of users and enablement of innovation (Jebari and Hansson 2013, Glannon 2016, Kellmeyer 2019, Chari et al 2021.…”

Section: Regulation and Governancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, ethical oversight was considered necessary for the governance of these technologies. Several articles mentioned that continuous ethical guidance and oversight is required to ensure that research is improved and to ensure that the technology fulfills societal goals (Jebari and Hansson 2013, Mikołajewski and Mikołajewski 2013, Carmichael and Carmichael 2014, Goering and Yuste 2016, Rosenfeld and Wong 2017, Carter et al 2019, Stieglitz 2019, DeFranco et al 2020. Ethical oversight of the application of neuroprostheses in children introduces specific additional questions, as traditional bioethical frameworks are argued to be insufficient (Lucas 2012).…”

Section: Regulation and Governancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Ethical implications of visual neuroprostheses—a systematic review

et al. 2022

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Objective. The aim of this review was to systematically identify the ethical implications of visual neuroprostheses. Approach. A systematic search was performed in both PubMed and Embase using a search string that combined synonyms for visual neuroprostheses, brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), cochlear implants (CIs), and ethics. We chose to include literature on BCIs and CIs, because of their ethically relavant similarities and functional parallels with visual neuroprostheses. Main results. We included 84 articles in total. Six focused specifically on visual prostheses. The other articles focused more broadly on neurotechnologies, on BCIs or CIs. We identified 169 ethical implications that have been categorized under seven main themes: (a) benefits for health and well-being; (b) harm and risk; (c) autonomy; (d) societal effects; (e) clinical research; (f) regulation and governance; and (g) involvement of experts, patients and the public. Significance. The development and clinical use of visual neuroprostheses is accompanied by ethical issues that should be considered early in the technological development process. Though there is ample literature on the ethical implications of other types of neuroprostheses, such as motor neuroprostheses and CIs, there is a significant gap in the literature regarding the ethical implications of visual neuroprostheses. Our findings can serve as a starting point for further research and normative analysis.

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