The Emerging Role of Exosomal miRNAs as Biomarkers for Early Cancer Detection: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Abstract

A significant number of cancer-related deaths are recorded globally each year, despite attempts to cure this illness. Medical science is working to develop new medication therapies as well as to find ways to identify this illness as early as possible, even using noninvasive techniques. Early detection of cancer can greatly aid its treatment. Studies into cancer diagnosis and therapy have recently shifted their focus to exosome (EXO) biomarkers, which comprise numerous RNA and proteins. EXOs are minuscule goblet vesicles that have a width of 30 to 140 nm and are released by a variety of cells, including immune, stem, and tumor cells, as well as bodily fluids. According to a growing body of research, EXOs, and cancer appear to be related. EXOs from tumors play a role in the genetic information transfer between tumor and basal cells, which controls angiogenesis and fosters tumor development and spread. To identify malignant activities early on, microRNAs (miRNAs) from cancers can be extracted from circulatory system EXOs. Specific markers can be used to identify cancer-derived EXOs containing miRNAs, which may be more reliable and precise for early detection. Conventional solid biopsy has become increasingly limited as precision and personalized medicine has advanced, while liquid biopsy offers a viable platform for noninvasive diagnosis and prognosis. Therefore, the use of body fluids such as serum, plasma, urine, and salivary secretions can help find cancer biomarkers using technologies related to EXOs.

Exosome nanovesicles: biomarkers and new strategies for treatment of human diseases

“… 190 The most extensively studied area is miRNA, and Jafari et al. 191 provided a detailed review of the application of extracellular vesicle miRNA as a biomarker in early cancer diagnosis. zNF587B plays a crucial role in early ovarian cancer detection.…”

Exosomes biogenesis was increased in metformin-treated human ovary cancer cells; possibly to mediate resistance

“…Exosomes can be used as biomarkers for different diseases such as cancers. As exosomes are present in most body fluids, they can be isolated non-invasively, therefore, their content such as RNAs and proteins can be used for prognostic and diagnostic purposes [ 5 ]. Exosomes derived from tumor contain exact information about tumor status [ 5 ].…”

“…As exosomes are present in most body fluids, they can be isolated non-invasively, therefore, their content such as RNAs and proteins can be used for prognostic and diagnostic purposes [ 5 ]. Exosomes derived from tumor contain exact information about tumor status [ 5 ]. In addition, cell status may affect the level of exosomes production and content.…”

Silencing Exosomal circ102927 Inhibits Foot Melanoma Metastasis via Regulating Invasiveness, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Apoptosis

“… 8 , 9 Moreover, exosomes have a significant advantage as diagnostic biomarkers because they are present in various body fluids, can be collected non-invasively, and can be used in clinical trials. 10 Recent studies have shown that exosomes in saliva and the isolation of small extracellular vesicles using a bead-assisted platform have great potential and flexibility for tumor diagnosis. 11 , 12 circRNA (Circular RNA) lacks the 5′ cap and 3′ polytope tail, forming a closed ring structure.…”