The emerging role of exosomes in the development of testicular

Abstract

The mechanisms of testicular development in mammals are complex. Testis is an organ that produces sperm and secretes androgens. It is rich in exosomes and cytokines that mediate signal transduction between tubule germ cells and distal cells, promoting testicular development and spermatogenesis. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that transmit information between cells. By transmitting information, exosomes play an important role in male infertility diseases such as azoospermia, varicocele, and testicular torsion. However, due to the wide range of sources of exosomes, extraction methods are numerous and complex. Therefore, there are many difficulties in studying the mechanisms of exosomal effects on normal development and male infertility. Therefore, in this review, first, we introduce the formation of exosomes and methods for culturing testis and sperm. Then, we introduce the effects of exosomes on different stages of testicular development. Finally, we summarize the prospects and shortcomings of exosomes when used in clinical applications. We lay the theoretical foundation for the mechanism of the influence of exosomes on normal development and male infertility.

The Role of microRNA in Spermatogenesis: Is There a Place for Fertility Preservation Innovation?

“…Characterization and analysis of the MSC secretome might help to elucidate the precise role of MSCs in tissue regeneration. For example, it has been demonstrated that MSCs release exosomes containing different RNA molecules, such as miRNAs and proteins, that may be key mediators of this process [ 130 , 131 ]. According to a recent study, MSC treatment mitigated busulfan-induced azoospermia in rats by altering the expression of spermatogenesis-related miRNAs and their target genes [ 132 ].…”