The emerging role of mast cells in skin cancers: involved cellular and molecular mechanisms

Abstract

Skin cancers are the most common cancers worldwide. They can be divided into nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC) including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and less common lymphomas and merkel cell carcinoma, and melanomas. Melanomas comprise less than 5% of skin cancer rate but are responsible for more than 90% of skin cancer death. Mast cells (MCs) are multifunctional cells that play an important role in inflammatory and allergic reactions. They attract other key players of the immune system by releasing cytokines. Healthy human skin comprises MCs under physiological status, and the number can increase under certain conditions including skin malignancies postulating their possible role in pathogenesis of and immunity against skin cancers. MCs respond to cytokines released by tumor stromal cells, release mediators (including histamine and tryptase), and induce the neovascularization, degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), and induce mitogenesis. However, MCs may use molecular mechanisms to exert immunosuppressive activity including releasing complement C3, lower expression of CD40L, and overexpression of enzymes with vitamin D3 metabolizing activity including CYP27A1 and CYP27B1. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of MCs in pathogenesis and immunity against skin cancers.

Comprehensive Multiphase NMR Probehead with Reduced Radiofrequency Heating Improves the Analysis of Living Organisms and Heat-Sensitive Samples

“…Interestingly, the main-chain (CH 2 ) n peak at ∼32 ppm also increases. This may result from the rigid lipids that are cross-linked to the exoskeleton and represent the most rigid aliphatics in the shrimp . Finally, a true crystalline material, Carnauba wax is chosen.…”

“…This may result from the rigid lipids that are cross-linked to the exoskeleton and represent the most rigid aliphatics in the shrimp. 42 Finally, a true crystalline material, Carnauba wax is chosen. Carnauba wax is a hard plant wax composed of crystalline flakes (Figure S3) and, due to its hydrophobic nature, shows little swelling with water.…”

Chitosan‐Based Films in Drug Delivery Applications

“…Demineralization, removal of inorganic minerals, is done by treating with 3-5% aqueous HCl at room temperature for nearly 5 h. The crude sample obtained after these processes is filtered after precipitation of acidic solution of chitosan from NaOH and thereafter washed with deionized water till the completion of neutralization. [15][16][17] Chitin differs from chitosan in terms of their degree of deacetylation which represents the number of deacetylated units. Chitin does not contain any deacetylated units whereas chitosan contains free amino groups.…”

Use of metabolomics data analysis to identify fruit quality markers enhanced by the application of an aminopolysaccharide

“…Chitosan, an aminopolysacharide, is a deacetylated form of chitin which is the second major polysaccharide in nature after cellulose. 5 The application of chitosan in different fields has been raised by the employment of its diverse biological properties, such as non-toxicity and biodegradability. In agriculture, this polymer has been demonstrated to be a good elicitor due to its ability to stimulate the defense mechanisms and to protect the plant against pathogens.…”