The Emerging Role of MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer

Abstract

<jats:p>Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women. Due to BC heterogeneity, complexity, and metastasis, many BC patients do not successfully respond to therapies. The effective management of BC depends on early diagnosis and monitoring of drug response. Therefore, identifying new biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and development of new drugs is urgently required. Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) participates in the tumorigenesis and progression of cancers, especially breast cancer (BC). Several studies demonstrated that miRNAs could perform their function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. This review describes recent progress on the role of microRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis, hallmark, and treatment of BC. According to a recent literature survey, miRNAs play a pivotal role in the regulation of hallmarks of cancer, such as proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and tumor stemness. Many miRNAs are potential biomarkers for BC for diagnosis, and some are indicators of prognosis. Moreover, circulating miRNA profiles, as minimally invasive, diagnostic, and prognostic markers, are broadly used in BC therapy, and some miRNAs are good predictors of therapeutic outcomes. Other miRNAs are involved in overcoming chemoresistance and in increasing BC drug sensitivity.</jats:p>

Mechanisms of Resistance to Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer and Possible Targets in Drug Delivery Systems

“…Besides gene methylation, microRNA dysregulation has been implied in BC chemoresistance [ 56 , 57 ]. When a microRNA targets a tumor-suppressor gene, its overexpression is expected and induces gene downregulation [ 50 ].…”

Urinary MicroRNA96 as Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer Detection

“…Ongoing examinations showed that miR-96 was habitually expanded in a few human malignant growths. MiR-96 has been accounted for to apply an oncogenic impact in non-little cell cellular breakdown in the lungs, esophageal malignancy, hepatocellular carcinoma, bosom disease [5]. The objective qualities of miR-96 incorporate the tumor silencer qualities FOXO1 and FOXO3a in bosom malignancy [19] and other approved focuses of miR-96 remember RECK for esophageal disease [18], EphrinA5 in Hepatocellular carcinoma [19], SAMD9 in non-little cell cellular breakdown in the lungs (NSCLC) [17].…”

“…MiR-96 has a place with the miR-183 family [5]. The coding succession of miR-96 is situated in chromatin 7q32.2, between two protein-coding areas.…”

Recent Discoveries of Macromolecule- and Cell-Based Biomarkers and Therapeutic Implications in Breast Cancer

“…Similar to traditional gene therapy, miRNA analogs, also known as miRNA replacement therapy, are used to repair miRNAs with loss of function. Single-stranded oligonucleotides with complementary miRNA-sequences are used to silence the miRNA function of target proteins [ 269 ]. A recent study found that the expression of miR-206 is inversely correlated with VEGF expression in TNBC.…”