The Emerging Role of Probiotics and their Derivatives against Biofilm-Producing MRSA: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Background. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main bacterial pathogens causing chronic infections, mainly because of its capacity to produce biofilm. Biofilm production is one of the underlying strategies for antibacterial drug resistance. Accordingly, preventing and attenuating biofilm production has become an emerging approach to controlling persistent infections. Therefore, this scoping review is aimed at surveying the published literature describing the usage of probiotics and their derivatives against biofilm-producing MRSA. Methods. Updated literature searches were conducted across seven electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Embase, and Google Scholar to identify all original published articles about probiotics against MRSA. In this regard, studies were summarized and analyzed in the present review. Results. In the reviewed studies, various microorganisms and compounds were used as probiotics as follows: Lactobacillus species (8 studies), Enterococcus species (4 studies), Bacillus species (2 studies), Streptomyces species (2 studies), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 study), Corynebacterium accolens (1 study), and Lactococcus lactis derived Nisin (3 studies). Based on our comprehensive search, 21 studies with eligibility criteria were included in the present review including 12 studies on clinical strains, 6 studies on ATCC, 2 studies simultaneously on clinical and standard strains, and finally 1 study on food sample. Conclusions. Our study showed that there was an increasing trend in the number of publications reporting probiotics against biofilm-producing MRSA. The results of this scoping review could use to guide the undertaking of the subsequent systematic reviews. In summary, probiotics with antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties can use as an embedded agent in food products or as a biopharmaceutical in the prevention and treatment of MRSA infections.

Genomic insights from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BRD3A isolated from Atingba, a traditional fermented rice-based beverage and analysis of its potential for probiotic and antimicrobial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

“…Visualizing the biofilm matrix using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that treatment with CFS BRD3A resulted in a substantial 50% reduction and disruption of the biofilm matrix of MRSA. Few studies have also shown that lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus species exhibit significant antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against MRSA (Jalalifar et al, 2022 ). Therefore, it can be concluded that CFS BRD3A demonstrated antibacterial properties along with biofilm inhibitory capabilities, which make it an effective therapeutic option against S. aureus infections.…”

“…MRSA is capable of forming a biofilm on biotic and abiotic surfaces, which enhances its antibiotic resistance and contributes to an increased rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide (Silva et al, 2021 ); therefore, effective therapeutic approaches are needed. Most of the previous studies suggested that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains can be used to eradicate biofilm-forming MRSA infections (Jalalifar et al, 2022 ).…”

Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Assemblies

“…In addition, nisin forms pores responsible for cell lysis; thereby, nisin activity extends to both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, finding applications in food preservation, veterinary, pharmaceutical, and healthcare devices [94]. Recently, the emerging role of nisin and its derivatives against MRSA was reviewed, reporting an increasing number of studies showing how microorganisms that produce nisin act as probiotics against MRSA [95]. In an interesting study in hospitalized humans, it was observed that microbiota-derived lantibiotics similar to nisin could reverse resistance in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, a leading cause of hospital infection [96].…”

Antagonistic Effects of Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum 090104 on Respiratory Pathogens

“…Various studies demonstrated the ability of probiotic microorganisms to enhance resistance to intestinal infections such as those induced by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG against rotavirus [1][2][3]. Furthermore, diverse mechanisms through which probiotics can exert antagonistic effects on intestinal pathogens have been reported.…”

“…Furthermore, diverse mechanisms through which probiotics can exert antagonistic effects on intestinal pathogens have been reported. Among them, competition for host tissue binding sites; competition for nutrients; production of metabolites affecting the phenotype of pathogens by inhibiting, for example, their growth or biofilm formation; and the modulation of intestinal immune responses have been described [1][2][3]. Through these microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions, probiotics can help to reduce the severity of intestinal infections [4][5][6][7][8].…”