The emerging role of regulatory cell-based therapy in autoimmune disease

Abstract

Autoimmune disease, caused by unwanted immune responses to self-antigens, affects millions of people each year and poses a great social and economic burden to individuals and communities. In the course of autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and multiple sclerosis, disturbances in the balance between the immune response against harmful agents and tolerance towards self-antigens lead to an immune response against self-tissues. In recent years, various regulatory immune cells have been identified. Disruptions in the quality, quantity, and function of these cells have been implicated in autoimmune disease development. Therefore, targeting or engineering these cells is a promising therapeutic for different autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, regulatory dendritic cells, myeloid suppressor cells, and some subsets of innate lymphoid cells are arising as important players among this class of cells. Here, we review the roles of each suppressive cell type in the immune system during homeostasis and in the development of autoimmunity. Moreover, we discuss the current and future therapeutic potential of each one of these cell types for autoimmune diseases.

Stimulation-induced cytokine polyfunctionality as a dynamic concept

“…Additionally, the here deployed assays offer in-depth characterization and a multiplexed readout of individual CSCs overtime. The observed ‘fingerprints’ and biological signatures could be used to assess the immune status in health and disease and facilitate the use of personalized treatment in immune related disorders 33 . This could be used to answer fundamental research questions, understand disease pathology and in the clinical monitoring of patients.…”

High affinity chimeric antigen receptor signaling induces an inflammatory program in human regulatory T cells

“…In parallel, we examined the expression of CD25, the high affinity alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor. In addition to being a T-cell activation marker, CD25 is constitutively expressed by Tregs and is crucial for their immunosuppressive function via IL-2 sequestration 4,43 .…”

“…Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a small (3-6%) but indispensable subset of CD4 + T cells, have emerged as a potential cornerstone for such targeted interventions 4,5 . Characterized by their unique cytokine and inhibitory receptor profiles and expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 [6][7][8] , Tregs inhibit immune responses and promote tissue repair locally upon antigen recognition 9,10 .…”

A Spatial Transcriptomics Based Label‐Free Method for Assessment of Human Stem Cell Distribution and Effects in a Mouse Model of Lung Fibrosis

“…Cell therapy involves the introduction of therapeutic cells into patients and has gained significant attention as a promising treatment option for a range of diseases. It has garnered significant attention in recent years as a promising treatment modality for various diseases, including cancers, [ 1 ] autoimmune diseases, [ 2 ] inflammatory diseases, [ 3 ] and neurodegenerative diseases. [ 4 ] Cell therapeutic agents are characterized by designability, biocompatibility, and applicability of cell functions even surpassing the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), [ 5 ] making cell therapy more promising.…”