The emotional brain

Rizzi, Michele; Marras, Carlo Efisio

doi:10.1038/nrn1432

Cited by 1,384 publications

(453 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…The ACC receives prominent input from medial thalamic regions and is supposed to be involved in conflict monitoring between functional state and perceived new information with potential affective or motivational consequences (Carter et al, 2000;Vogt, 2005). Particularly, its affective ventral subdivision (Bush et al, 2000) is suggested to be the point of integration of visceral, attentional, and emotional information for regulation of affect and to be involved in top-down control (Dalgleish, 2004). It may thus be involved in a higher level representation of bodily states (Damasio et al, 2000;Critchley et al, 2001) and general emotionalcognitive integration (Mayberg, 2003).…”

Section: Anatomical and Functional Features Of The Revealed Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural correlates of a ‘pessimistic’ attitude when anticipating events of unknown emotional valence

et al. 2007

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Since we do not know what future holds for us, we prepare for expected emotional events in order to deal with a pleasant or threatening environment. From an evolutionary perspective, it makes sense to be particularly prepared for the worst-case scenario. We were interested to evaluate whether this assumption is reflected in the central nervous information processing associated with expecting visual stimuli of unknown emotional valence. While being scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging, healthy subjects were cued to expect and then perceive visual stimuli with a known emotional valence as pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral, as well as stimuli of unknown valence that could have been either pleasant or unpleasant. While anticipating pictures of unknown valence, the activity of emotion processing brain areas was similar to activity associated with expecting unpleasant pictures, but there were no areas in which the activity was similar to the activity when expecting pleasant pictures. The activity of the revealed regions, including bilateral insula, right inferior frontal gyrus, medial thalamus, and red nucleus, further correlated with the individual ratings of mood: the worse the mood, the higher the activity. These areas are supposedly involved in a network for internal adaptation and preparation processes in order to act according to potential or certain unpleasant events. Their activity appears to reflect a 'pessimistic' bias by anticipating the events of unknown valence to be unpleasant.

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Section: Anatomical and Functional Features Of The Revealed Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural correlates of a ‘pessimistic’ attitude when anticipating events of unknown emotional valence

et al. 2007

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“…Many theoretical studies have suggested that this ability has been favored in evolution to confer adaptive advantages in intraspecific social development and cohesion (Fridlund 1994). Consequently, it has also been suggested that a neurobiological structure would have developed that specializes in accurately recognizing and expressing emotional messages, at least those valuable for an individual's survival, which correspond to the so-called basic emotions (Damasio 1998;Dalgleish 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is a neutral expression also a neutral stimulus? A study with functional magnetic resonance

et al. 2013

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Esta es la versión de autor del artículo publicado en: This is an author produced version of a paper published in: El acceso a la versión del editor puede requerir la suscripción del recurso Access to the published version may require subscription AbstractAlthough neutral faces do not initially convey an explicit emotional message, it has been found that individuals tend to assign them an affective content. Moreover, previous research has shown that affective judgments are mediated by the task they have to perform. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in 21 healthy participants, we focus this study on the cerebral activity patterns triggered by neutral and emotional faces in two different tasks (social or gender judgments). Results obtained, using conjunction analyses, indicated that viewing both emotional and neutral faces evokes activity in several similar brain areas indicating a common neural substrate. Moreover, neutral faces specifically elicit activation of cerebellum, frontal and temporal areas while emotional faces involve the cuneus, anterior cingulated gyrus, medial orbitofrontal cortex, posterior superior temporal gyrus, precentral/postcentral gyrus and insula. The task selected was also found to influence brain activity, in that the social task recruited frontal areas while the gender task involved the posterior cingulated, inferior parietal lobule and middle temporal gyrus to a greater extent. Specifically, in the social task viewing neutral faces was associated with longer reaction times and increased activity of left dorsolateral frontal cortex compared with viewing facial expressions of emotions. In contrast, in the same task emotional expressions distinctively activated the left amygdale. The results are discussed taking into consideration the fact that, like other facial expressions, neutral expressions are usually assigned some emotional significance. However, neutral faces evoke a greater activation of circuits probably involved in more elaborate cognitive processing.

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“…Although first described more than 120 years ago [4], hypotheses regarding the functional organization and specific contributions of the basic circuitry to complex behaviors are under continuous refinement. There is even debate regarding the limbic system as a unifying concept [11,17]. Yet, specific frontal and temporal cortical areas, forebrain regions (septum, amygdala, hypothalamus) and brainstem nuclei (locus coeruleus, raphe, vagal nuclei) are implicated in the behavioral and physiological disruptions that cause neuropsychiatric diseases such as anxiety, depression and psychosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Deletion of Lsamp Causes Exaggerated Behavioral Activation in Novel Environments

Catania

Pimenta

Levitt

2007

Behavioural Brain Research

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The limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP) is a GPI-anchored cell adhesion molecule expressed heavily in limbic and limbic-associated regions of the developing and adult brain. Experimental studies show that LAMP promotes the growth of limbic neurons and guides the projections of limbic fibers. In order to examine the functional consequences of disrupting limbic circuit assembly, we generated a mouse line in which the Lsamp gene encoding LAMP was deleted. Basic neuroanatomical organization and sensory and motor development are normal in Lsamp −/− mice. The most profound change in behavior in both male and female Lsamp −/− mice is a heightened reactivity to novelty exhibited in several behavioral tests. Lsamp −/− mice display hyperactivity in a novel arena and both sexes habituate to the same activity levels as their wildtype littermates, but at different rates. In the elevated plus maze, Lsamp −/− mice exhibit increased total arm entries, with a bias towards the open arms; they spend more time in the open arms and have a substantial increase in the amount of risk assessment in unprotected areas of the maze. In the y-maze, Lsamp −/− mice exhibit characteristic hyperactivity and a decreased level of spontaneous alternation during the period when their novelty-induced hyperactivity is at its peak. We hypothesize that Lsamp −/− mice may not simply exhibit a decrease in anxiety, but may have a heightened, and possibly maladaptive, response to novel environmental stressors. Genetic deletion of Lsamp may thus cause circumscribed changes in the fine connectivity of specific circuits that underlie these behaviors.

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The emotional brain

Cited by 1,384 publications

References 94 publications

Neural correlates of a ‘pessimistic’ attitude when anticipating events of unknown emotional valence

Neural correlates of a ‘pessimistic’ attitude when anticipating events of unknown emotional valence

Is a neutral expression also a neutral stimulus? A study with functional magnetic resonance

Genetic Deletion of Lsamp Causes Exaggerated Behavioral Activation in Novel Environments

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