The employment of PhDs in firms: trajectories, mobility and innovation

Cruz‐Castro, Laura; Sanz‐Menéndez, Luis

doi:10.3152/147154405781776292

Cited by 65 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, data from different countries indicate that this is no longer so. PhD graduates increasingly work outside the academy, since academic jobs have not grown proportionally to the production of PhD graduates (Mangematin 2000;Beltramo et al 2001;Mangematin and Robin 2003;Cruz-Castro and Sanz-Menedez 2005;Kyvik and Olsen 2007. Overall, institutional changes in universities, changes in how knowledge production is funded and carried out, and changes in scientific labor markets has lead to a debate about the relevance of today's research training and demands for ''changes in the structures and practices of research training'' (Enders 2005, p.…”

Section: Doctoral Students and Knowledge Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a substantial research literature on the link between graduate education and PhD labor markets, (Ehrenberg 1992;Nerad and Cerny 1999;Kivinen et al 1999), but research into career trajectories of collaborative and non-collaborative PhD graduates is of particular importance to this study. In the last years, a few studies on careers of PhD graduates and determinants of career trajectories have been made, that investigates the effect of collaborating with industry for subsequent careers of PhD graduates (Mangematin 2000;Mangematin et al 2000;Mangematin and Robin 2003;Enders 2002;Mougérou 2001;Beltramo et al 2001;Martinelli 2001;Gaughan and Robin 2004;Cruz-Castro and Sanz-Menedez 2005).…”

Section: Labor Market Outcomes Of Doctoral Student-industry Collaboramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In engineering, the respective figures where 16% of the respondents had industrial funding and 40% had collaborated with industry. Empirical research suggests that it is a link between type of funding received during the PhD and sector of employment after graduation (Mangematin 2000;Martinelli 2001;Cruz-Castro and Sanz-Menedez 2005;Kyvik and Olsen 2007). In several countries, doctoral degree holders increasingly find work outside universities and there has been a growth in private sector employment (Enders 2005;Gulbrandsen and Nerdrum 2007;Metcalfe 2007;Auriol 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Doctoral students on the university–industry interface: a review of the literature

2009

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Doctoral students are highly important in university-firm relationships, since they are significant producers of knowledge in collaborative research projects, they are an important channel for knowledge transfer between universities and firms, and are vital in network configurations between firms and universities. An increasing number of doctoral students interact with firms, but we know relatively little about the experiences of these students or how collaboration influences their training, research and subsequent careers. With this in mind, this paper presents a literature review of (1) theoretical assumptions concerning the roles doctoral students are expected to fulfill in university-industry relationships, and (2) empirical research of doctoral students' interaction experience and outcomes of doctoral student-industry interaction. The aim of the paper is to develop hypotheses for further research on doctoral student-industry interaction.

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Section: Doctoral Students and Knowledge Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Labor Market Outcomes Of Doctoral Student-industry Collaboramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Doctoral students on the university–industry interface: a review of the literature

2009

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“…Consequently, they can be considered a key element in the creation, commercialization and diffusion of innovations and a main input in knowledge production. The literature shows that the impact of PhDs on innovation and on economic development takes place through several channels such as the accumulation of scientific capital stock (Enders 2002;Mangematin and Robin 2003), the enhancement of technology transfers (Faulkner and Senker 1995;Mangematin 2000;Lam 2001) and the promotion of cooperation relationships in innovation processes (Beltramo et al 2001;Mangematin and Robin 2003;Cruz-Castro and Sanz-Menéndez 2005). Furthermore, the placement of PhDs in industry provides a very important mechanism for transmitting tacit knowledge from universities to firms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which firms want PhDs? An analysis of the determinants of the demand

2011

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PhD graduates hold the highest education degree, are trained to conduct research and can be considered a key element in the creation, commercialization and diffusion of innovations. The impact of PhDs on innovation and economic development takes place through several channels such as the accumulation of scientific capital stock, the enhancement of technology transfers and the promotion of cooperation relationships in innovation processes. Although the placement of PhDs in industry provides a very important mechanism for transmitting knowledge from universities to firms, information about the characteristics of the firms that employ PhDs is very scarce. The goal of this paper is to improve understanding of the determinants of the demand for PhDs in the private sector. Three main potential determinants of the demand for PhDs are considered: cooperation between firms and universities, R&D activities of firms and several characteristics of firms, size, sector, productivity and age. The results from the econometric analysis show that cooperation between firms and universities encourages firms to recruit PhDs and point to the existence of accumulative effects in the hiring of PhD graduates.

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“…By occupation, researchers constitute the main group followed by technicians and auxiliary staff in R&D. By level of education, graduates and engineers are the most numerous group followed by personnel with non-tertiary education, those with shortcycle tertiary and, finally, PhD holders. The number of PhD holders in firms in Spain is below the respective OECD and EU averages (Cruz-Castro and Sanz-Menéndez, 2005) but their number has tended to increase in recent years. Table 1 …”

Section: (Pitec) This Database Is Compiled For Spain By the Nationalmentioning

confidence: 88%

The impact of R&D subsidies on R&D employment composition

Afcha

García‐Quevedo

2014

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In this paper we examine the impact of subsidies granted at national and regional levels on a set of R&D employment variables and we specifically seek to identify the existence of additional effects of these public subsidies on the R&D human resources of firms. We begin by assessing the effects of public funds on private R&D expenditure and on the number of R&D employees, and then focus on the impact of these funds on the composition of human resources engaged in R&D classified by occupation and level of education.The data used are from the Spanish Technological Innovation Panel for the period 2006-2011. To control for selection bias and endogeneity, a combination of non-parametric matching techniques are used. Our results show that R&D subsidies increase the number of R&D employees but no contemporaneous increase is found in the average level of qualification of R&D staff members in subsidized firms. Nevertheless, in the subsequent years there is a positive effect on the recruitment of PhD holders. The effects of public support are heterogeneous and are dependent on the source of the subsidy and the firms' characteristics.Keywords: R&D subsidies, R&D employment, matching estimators, technology policy. JEL Codes: O38, J24, H25, C14. Acknowledgements:We are very grateful for the suggestions from two anonymous referees that were very useful in improving the paper. We would also like to thank D. Czarnitzki, J. G. Díaz-Gamarra, M. Mediavilla and F. Todeschini for valuable comments.2

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The employment of PhDs in firms: trajectories, mobility and innovation

Cited by 65 publications

References 12 publications

Doctoral students on the university–industry interface: a review of the literature

Doctoral students on the university–industry interface: a review of the literature

Which firms want PhDs? An analysis of the determinants of the demand

The impact of R&D subsidies on R&D employment composition

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