The employment paradox to improve women’s empowerment in Pakistan

haq, Muhammad Abrar ul; Akram, Farheen; Ashiq, Uzma; Raza, Saqlain

doi:10.1080/23311886.2019.1707005

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Second, with respect to women's empowerment, we found lower women's empowerment scores in families where both parents were employed in agriculture relative to non-agriculture. Further, women employed in agriculture had lower women's empowerment scores than those employed in non-agriculture, results consistent with the literature [34][35][36], regardless of whether their partner was employed in agriculture or not. The limited role of paternal occupation in women's empowerment scores may be due to paternal employment status (employed vs. unemployed) being a more important determinant of women's empowerment than paternal occupation, or to the crude exposure indicator we used.…”

Section: Plos Global Public Healthsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…In fact, women's employment, seasonality of employment, and type of remuneration (cash vs. in-kind) are often included as indicators in composite measures of women's empowerment [27,32,33]. Further, evidence suggests that women's non-agricultural employment is associated with greater women's empowerment relative to agricultural employment [34][35][36], likely because non-agricultural employment allows women to learn non-farm skills and exposes them to knowledge and information which can improve their household decision-making [34]. More empowered women allocate more resources towards their children, which in turn support better child development [27,37].…”

Section: Hypothesised Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Maternal and paternal employment in agriculture and early childhood development: A cross-sectional analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data

Bliznashka

Jeong

Jaacks

2023

PLOS Glob Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Considerable literature from low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs) links maternal employment to child nutritional status. However, less is known about the role of parental employment and occupation type in shaping child development outcomes. Additionally, little empirical work has examined the mechanisms through which parental occupation influences child outcomes. Our objective was to investigate the associations between maternal and paternal employment (comparing agricultural and non-agricultural employment) and child development and to examine childcare practices and women’s empowerment as potential mechanisms. We pooled nine Demographic and Health Surveys (Benin, Burundi, Cambodia, Congo, Haiti, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, and Uganda) with data on 8,516 children aged 36–59 months. We used generalised linear models to estimate associations between parental employment and child development, child stimulation (number of activities provided by the mother, father, and other household members), child supervision (not left alone or with older child for >1 hour), early childhood care and education programme (ECCE) attendance, and women’s empowerment. In our sample, all fathers and 85% of mothers were employed. In 40% of families, both parents were employed in agriculture. After adjusting for child, parental and household confounders, we found that parental agricultural employment, relative to non-agricultural employment, was associated with poorer child development (relative risk (RR) 0.86 (95% CI 0.80, 0.92), more child stimulation provided by other household members (mean difference (MD) 0.26 (95% CI 0.09, 0.42)), less adequate child supervision (RR, 0.83 (95% 0.78, 0.80)), less ECCE attendance (RR 0.46 (95% CI 0.39, 0.54)), and lower women’s empowerment (MD -1.01 (95% CI -1.18, -0.84)). Parental agricultural employment may be an important risk factor for early childhood development. More research using more comprehensive exposure and outcome measures is needed to unpack these complex relationships and to inform interventions and policies to support working parents in the agricultural sector with young children.

show abstract

Section: Plos Global Public Healthsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Hypothesised Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal and paternal employment in agriculture and early childhood development: A cross-sectional analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data

Bliznashka

Jeong

Jaacks

2023

PLOS Glob Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Nearly 50 percent of the country's population is female. Processes for the development of women have been overlooked for a long time (Abrar-ul-haq et al, 2019). In developing nations like Pakistan, women are still far behind males in every facet of life.…”

Section: Setting the Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Story Of Strength And Struggle: Exploring The Motivations And Hurdles Of Mompreneurs In Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Ibraheem,

Saleem,

Sethi

et al. 2024

Migrat. Lett.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The mompreneurs of Peshawar, a bustling city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, are the focus of this research. Bringing attention to these remarkable women in the hopes that we learn from their experiences helps us better grasp the balancing act of business and family life. Using Kimberlé Crenshaw's concept of intersectionality, we investigate how Peshawar's mopreneurs' experiences are shaped by their gender, parenting, marital status, and socioeconomic level. We relied on in-depth qualitative phenomenological interviews to get to the bottom of these women's real-life experiences. The following seven themes emerged from the investigation: navigating financial independence, balancing roles and identities, intersectional challenges, societal expectations and support, identity and empowerment, resilience and determination, and flexible work schedules. Despite the many challenges faced by mompreneurs in Peshawar, our research emphasizes the intricate nature of this entrepreneurial endeavor. However, we need more comprehensive theories of identity and motivation to help us make sense of the myriad factors that contribute to and hinder their success. Examining mompreneurship in the specific social and cultural context of Peshawar, Pakistan, this study provides valuable insights. It also highlights the importance of thoroughly looking into Pakistan and South Asia. Ultimately, we hope our findings will help direct future research on mompreneurship and fill in the gaps in the existing literature.

show abstract

“…Based upon general understandings and interpretations of feminist theory, there are schools of thought that a women are treated as subordinates in society -including within the family -issues relating to their involvement in the community are often overlooked and neglected as an area of mainstream discussion. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new social infrastructure that makes the greater social inclusion of women acceptable and necessary (Abrar ul Haq et al, 2019). Liberal feminist theory (Sarikakis et al, 2014) argues that through political and legal avenues, women can make amendments to social laws and politics, thus working towards achieving gender-based justice.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Development and Women’s Personal Empowerment for Becoming Socially Inclusive: A Study from the Informal Sector in Lahore, Pakistan

2023

LJE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Women employed in informal sectors are integral to a nation’s overall economic growth, and to better development outcomes. This study aims to examine the capabilities of these women not only in terms of personal empowerment, but in the context of sustainable development via social inclusion. Previous studies have only focused on microcredit as a “magic wand” for increasing women's empowerment and their standard of living, without the inclusion of feminist theory. The inclusion of feminist theory and social inclusion in the discussion concerning the provision of financial support to women in Pakistan, allows us to properly examine the role of sustainable development and women's empowerment in Pakistan. This study is quantitative and descriptive. Using a survey questionnaire on the cross sectional data source, the 118 women borrowers of Lahore, Pakistan, have been investigated by stratified random sampling technique. The Multinomial logit and Probit regression models have been used for data analysis. The study's results supported the actuality that women need t o be financially and personally empowered, in order to benefit from greater social inclusion.

show abstract

The employment paradox to improve women’s empowerment in Pakistan

Cited by 17 publications

References 30 publications

Maternal and paternal employment in agriculture and early childhood development: A cross-sectional analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data

Maternal and paternal employment in agriculture and early childhood development: A cross-sectional analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data

A Story Of Strength And Struggle: Exploring The Motivations And Hurdles Of Mompreneurs In Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Sustainable Development and Women’s Personal Empowerment for Becoming Socially Inclusive: A Study from the Informal Sector in Lahore, Pakistan

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About