The encapsulation of insulin in erythrocytes

Bird, J.; Best, R.; Lewis, David

doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1983.tb02921.x

Cited by 29 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…We reached 95% entrapment efficiency for tramadol in our laboratory. This was remarkable compared with the results published for amphotericin B (15–18%), methotrexate (60%), prednisolone (85.4%) and, obviously, for large molecular weight drugs such as bovine serum albumin (59.8%), β ‐glucocerebrosidase (40–50%), and insulin (5%), upon loading in erythrocytes using the same method [13,48–52] …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…This was remarkable compared with the results published for amphotericin B (15-18%), methotrexate (60%), prednisolone (85.4%) and, obviously, for large molecular weight drugs such as bovine serum albumin (59.8%), b-glucocerebrosidase (40-50%), and insulin (5%), upon loading in erythrocytes using the same method. [13,[48][49][50][51][52] The use of glutaraldehyde in this study played a crucial role in improvement of drug loading parameters, from a nonsignificant final drug loading to almost complete drug retention within the cells. This effect could be clearly attributed to the well-established membrane stabilizing/cross-linking effect of glutaraldehyde, which in turn resulted in the decreased permeability of cell membrane to the drug during the final washing steps.…”

Section: Encapsulation Of Tramadol In Human Erythrocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and in-vitro characterization of tramadol-loaded carrier erythrocytes for long-term intravenous delivery

Foroozesh

Hamidi

Zarrin

et al. 2011

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Encapsulation Of Tramadol In Human Erythrocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and in-vitro characterization of tramadol-loaded carrier erythrocytes for long-term intravenous delivery

Foroozesh

Hamidi

Zarrin

et al. 2011

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

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“…This method is based on the principle of first swelling the erythrocytes without lysis by placing them in slightly hypotonic solution. Drugs encapsulated in erythrocytes using this method include propranolol [33], asparginase [34], cyclophosphamide, cortisol-21-phosphate [32], 1-antitrypsin [27], methotrexate [27], insulin [35], metronidazole [36], levothyroxine [37], enalaprilat [38], and isoniazide [39]. Then, relatively small volumes of aqueous drug solution are added to the point of lysis.…”

Section: C) Preswell Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Erythrocytes have been used for delivery of various proteins and macromolecules which includes insulin [35], mycotoxin [56], recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) [57] and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) [58].…”

Section: C) Erythrocytes As Carriers For Proteins and Macromoleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Loaded Erythrocytes: As Novel Drug Delivery System

Patel¹,

Dand²,

Hirlekar³

et al. 2008

CPD

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Novel drug delivery systems are one of the widely used delivery systems. In the present scenario, amongst them, "Drug Loaded Erythrocytes" is one of the growing and potential systems for delivery of drugs and enzymes. Erythrocytes are biocompatible, biodegradable, possess long circulation half-life and can be loaded with variety of biologically active substances. Carrier erythrocytes are prepared by collecting blood sample from the organism of interest and separating erythrocytes from plasma. By using various physical and chemical methods the cells are broken and the drug is entrapped into the erythrocytes, finally they are resealed and the resultant carriers are then called "resealed erythrocytes". Surface modification with glutaraldehyde, antibodies, carbohydrates like sialic acid and biotinylation of loaded erythrocytes (biotinylated erythrocytes) is possible to improve their target specificity and to increase their circulation half-life. Upon reinjection the drug loaded erythrocytes serve as slow circulation depots, targets the drug to the reticuloendothelial system (RES), prevents degradation of loaded drug from inactivation by endogenous chemicals, attain steady state concentration of drug and decrease the side-effects of loaded drug. Nowadays, Nanoerythrosomes based drug delivery systems have excellent potential for clinical application.

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“…Few studies have been devoted to the encapsulation of insulin into RBCs, probably because it has been shown that insulin inside RBCs loses activity [137,138]. It was shown that due to inactivation, the percentage of insulin incorporation into RBCs is only 4.8%-6% of the initial amount [138][139][140]. The amount of insulin in the cells can be stabilized, if inhibitors of its degradation are loaded in the RBCs together with insulin.…”

Section: Insulin In Erythrocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythrocytes as Carriers: From Drug Delivery to Biosensors

et al. 2020

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Drug delivery using natural biological carriers, especially erythrocytes, is a rapidly developing field. Such erythrocytes can act as carriers that prolong the drug's action due to its gradual release from the carrier; as bioreactors with encapsulated enzymes performing the necessary reactions, while remaining inaccessible to the immune system and plasma proteases; or as a tool for targeted drug delivery to target organs, primarily to cells of the reticuloendothelial system, liver and spleen. To date, erythrocytes have been studied as carriers for a wide range of drugs, such as enzymes, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antiviral drugs, etc., and for diagnostic purposes (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging). The review focuses only on drugs loaded inside erythrocytes, defines the main lines of research for erythrocytes with bioactive substances, as well as the advantages and limitations of their application. Particular attention is paid to in vivo studies, opening-up the potential for the clinical use of drugs encapsulated into erythrocytes.Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 276 2 of 44 property of RBCs allows to load them with biologically active substances of different molecular weights. For these reasons, erythrocytes are promising biocompatible cells for drug delivery.The methods for incorporating various substances into red blood cells differ in the way that substances penetrate the cells. The cause of permeability may be the pores' formation in the cell membrane due to a physical exposure (high voltage electric pulse [10,11] or ultrasound [12]). Drug molecules can also enter the RBCs by endocytosis in the presence of certain chemical compounds (for example, primaquine [13], vinblastine, chlorpromazine, hydrocortisone or tetracaine [14,15]), or using the cell-penetrating peptides bounded to the compound that should be encapsulated [16]. However, the most popular are different variants of osmotic methods.In some cases, RBCs are first exposed to a hyperosmotic pulse of a low molecular weight substance that penetrates very well through the cell membrane (for example, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [17,18] or glucose [19,20]). After washing the cells, which decreases the external concentration of these compounds and creates a gradient of their concentration between both sides of the RBC membrane, the target drug is introduced into the external volume. Water with this drug begins to enter into the cells to decrease the osmotic pressure there. The process ends when the gradient of DMSO or glucose disappears. The pores close and part of the drug remains into RBCs. Other, the most popular of the osmotic methods are hypoosmotic. These methods are based on creating a hypotonic environment around RBCs, which causes swelling of the cells and opening pores in the cellular membrane, through which therapeutic compounds can penetrate RBCs. Then, a hypertonic solution is introduced into the cell suspension. The pores close, the cells restore their original size, trapping the drug molecules inside the cell. Osmotic methods are divided into severa...

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The encapsulation of insulin in erythrocytes

Cited by 29 publications

References 3 publications

Preparation and in-vitro characterization of tramadol-loaded carrier erythrocytes for long-term intravenous delivery

Preparation and in-vitro characterization of tramadol-loaded carrier erythrocytes for long-term intravenous delivery

Drug Loaded Erythrocytes: As Novel Drug Delivery System

Erythrocytes as Carriers: From Drug Delivery to Biosensors

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