The end of social confinement and COVID-19 re-emergence risk

López, Leonardo; Rodó, Xavier

doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0908-8

Cited by 254 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Future confinement events can be expected related to subsequent waves of SARS-CoV-2—or variants— [ 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 ] as well as new pandemic crises [ 124 ]. These stay-at-home orders could affect the entire population again or be directed to specific sectors of the population, such as the elderly, immunocompromised, or children [ 121 , 125 , 126 ], i.e., the more vulnerable parts of the population. The rising in home-schooling can also increase the time spent at-home or in semi-confinement and, therefore, extend the possible risks even without the application of confinement orders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bad Air Can Also Kill: Residential Indoor Air Quality and Pollutant Exposure Risk during the COVID-19 Crisis

Domínguez-Amarillo

Fernández-Agüera

Cesteros-García

et al. 2020

IJERPH

111

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During the first outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic the population, focusing primarily on the risk of infection, was generally inattentive to the quality of indoor air. Spain, and the city of Madrid in particular, were among the world’s coronavirus hotspots. The country’s entire population was subject to a 24/7 lockdown for 45 days. This paper describes a comparative longitudinal survey of air quality in four types of housing in the city of Madrid before and during lockdown. The paper analysed indoor temperatures and variations in CO2, 2.5 μm particulate matter (PM2.5) and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations before and during lockdown. The mean daily outdoor PM2.5 concentration declined from 11.04 µg/m3 before to 7.10 µg/m3 during lockdown. Before lockdown the NO2 concentration values scored as ‘very good’ 46% of the time, compared to 90.9% during that period. Although the city’s outdoor air quality improved, during lockdown the population’s exposure to indoor pollutants was generally more acute and prolonged. Due primarily to concern over domestic energy savings, the lack of suitable ventilation and more intensive use of cleaning products and disinfectants during the covid-19 crisis, indoor pollutant levels were typically higher than compatible with healthy environments. Mean daily PM2.5 concentration rose by approximately 12% and mean TVOC concentration by 37% to 559%. The paper also puts forward a series of recommendations to improve indoor domestic environments in future pandemics and spells out urgent action to be taken around indoor air quality (IAQ) in the event of total or partial quarantining to protect residents from respiratory ailments and concomitantly enhanced susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, as identified by international medical research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bad Air Can Also Kill: Residential Indoor Air Quality and Pollutant Exposure Risk during the COVID-19 Crisis

Domínguez-Amarillo

Fernández-Agüera

Cesteros-García

et al. 2020

IJERPH

111

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“…Particularly, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the national government has provided massive subsidies and benefits that might have prevented people from committing suicide. In the absence of effective pharmaceutical interventions (e.g., a vaccine or antiviral treatments) 40 , pandemic-related suicidal risk factors (e.g., disease recurrence, social distancing, and economic downturns) would continue 41,42 , while the government's generous financial support might not sustain for long. Under such circumstances, alarmingly, the suicide trend could eventually increase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan

Tanaka

Okamoto

2020

Preprint

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Background The crisis induced by the COVID-19 pandemic has affected every aspect of life. Fear and anxiety about the infections, social isolation derived from the virus-containment measures, and the resulting economic disruption could deteriorate psychological health and exacerbate the suicidal risk. However, evidence linking the COVID-19 pandemic to suicide is limited. Methods We use suicide records from July 2016 to June 2020 covering the entire Japanese population (126 million) in 1,861 administrative units. We used difference-in-differences estimation to assess if the suicide rate changed during the pandemic, comparing suicide rates between 2016-2019 (control group) and 2020 (treatment group). Findings We found that the overall suicide rate declined by 13.5% after the outbreak and subsequent measures (i.e., school closure and the state of emergency). While it is evident that suicide rate dropped across all gender and age groups, the decline is more substantial among males (-11.9%) than females (-6.7%) and among those aged 20-69 years (-12.6%) than those aged below 20 years (-1.6%) and those aged over 70 years (-4.8%). Interpretation The government's generous subsidies and benefits for both households and enterprises and reduced distress from overwork potentially account for the sizable decline in the suicide rate, particularly among male adults. A smaller drop in the suicide rate among the elderly and females suggests that they might be more vulnerable to this pandemic. Fewer school sessions among students might have reduced suicide among children and adolescents.

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“…Many countries imposed a stringent lockdown in order to enforce social distancing and prevent the spread of infection [ 2 ]. The use of social distancing, face masks, gloves, and other individual protection measures is having a massive impact on reducing the current peak of active cases but, as recently demonstrated, over time, a decreasing sense of alarm about the pandemic may contribute to a new, larger second wave of epidemics [ 3 ]. In any case, the enforced confinement has upset our life priorities and changed the way we live in several ways, ranging from working behaviors (e.g., smart working, job cuts) to the psychological field, fostering the onset of depression, boredom, sedentary activities, and several more harmful effects on life habits [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Trajectories in Dietary Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Public Health Call to Action to Face Obesity

Zupo

Castellana

Sardone

et al. 2020

IJERPH

114

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The world is currently struggling to face the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), and many countries have imposed lockdowns and recommended quarantine to limit both the spread of the virus and overwhelming demands for medical care. Direct implications include the disruption of work routines, boredom, depression, increased calorie consumption, and other similar harmful effects. The present narrative review article briefly analyzes the preliminary effects of the quarantine lifestyle from the standpoint of dietary habits. In six different databases, we searched for original articles up to 10 August 2020, assessing eating habits among populations during the COVID-19 pandemic, and recorded any change in the intake of major food categories, as well as changes in body weight. The research strategy yielded 364 articles, from which we selected 12 articles that fitted our goal. Our preliminary findings revealed a sharp rise of carbohydrates sources consumption, especially those with a high glycemic index (i.e., homemade pizza, bread, cake, and pastries), as well as more frequent snacks. A high consumption of fruits and vegetables, and protein sources, particularly pulses, was also recorded, although there was no clear peak of increase in the latter. Data concerning the consumption of junk foods lacked consistency, while there was a decreased alcohol intake and fresh fish/seafood consumption. As a possible connection, people gained body weight. Therefore, in the realistic perspective of a continuing global health emergency situation, timely preventive measures are needed to counteract obesity-related behaviors in the long-term, so as to prevent further health complications.

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The end of social confinement and COVID-19 re-emergence risk

Cited by 254 publications

References 43 publications

Bad Air Can Also Kill: Residential Indoor Air Quality and Pollutant Exposure Risk during the COVID-19 Crisis

Bad Air Can Also Kill: Residential Indoor Air Quality and Pollutant Exposure Risk during the COVID-19 Crisis

Suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan

Preliminary Trajectories in Dietary Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Public Health Call to Action to Face Obesity

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