The endemic seven: Four decades of research on the Sulawesi macaques

Riley, Erin P.

doi:10.1002/evan.20246

Cited by 44 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Dominance is achieved through very different mechanisms in male and female macaques. Female M. nigra do exist within a social dominance hierarchy, but they tend to be related to one another as they are the philopatric sex and so exhibit high levels of tolerance to each other and females inherit their mother rank (Thierry 2007) whereas males have strict linear hierarchies enforced through both threat gestures and physical aggression (Riley 2010). Being a Dominant female therefore may not be as stressful as being a Dominant male.…”

Section: Validity Of Personality Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparative Personality Assessment of Three Captive Primate Species: Macaca nigra, Macaca sylvanus, and Saimiri sciureus

2015

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Comparative studies of primate personality offer informative insights into the evolutionary origins of personality structure in primate species. Primate personality research has, however, focused on a limited number of species. We investigated personality in three relatively understudied species: Sulawesi black crested macaques (Macaca nigra), Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus), and common squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). We sent a 38-item questionnaire to all European zoological institutions holding the study species and keepers were required to rate individuals on all items. Assessments achieved good levels of interrater reliability. Principal components analysis (PCA) revealed Sociability and Dominance personality dimensions in all study species, an Emotionality dimension in both M. nigra and M. sylvanus, a Cautiousness dimension in S. sciureus, and a Human-Animal Sociability dimension in M. sylvanus. Sociability and Dominance dimensions were shown to have good construct validity, as assessed through appropriate relationships with sex and age and correlations with behavioral measures. The Sociability, Dominance, Emotionality, and Cautiousness dimensions were comparable with analogous dimensions in other primate species but aggressive-type traits did not load onto the Dominance dimension in the two Macaca spp. We suggest that this may be attributed to their more tolerant social systems compared to those of other primate species. The Human-Animal Sociability dimension could not be compared with other primate studies as, to date, there has been limited Int J Primatol investigation of human-directed personality dimensions in captive primates. Our findings suggest that the two Macaca species are more similar to each other, in terms of their personality structure, than either is to S. sciureus, which suggests phylogenetic similarity is an important predictor of personality. However, further comparative analysis of a wider range of primate species is needed to inform theories regarding the evolution of primate personality structure.

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Section: Validity Of Personality Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparative Personality Assessment of Three Captive Primate Species: Macaca nigra, Macaca sylvanus, and Saimiri sciureus

2015

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“…Sulawesi crested macaques (Macaca nigra) reside in large multimale, multifemale groups and are a highly socially tolerant macaque species characterised by low levels of intense aggression and a high tendency to reconcile (Duboscq et al 2013;Riley 2010;Thierry et al 2000). In this opportunistic study, we examined the impact of large-scale social and environmental management interventions on the social networks of captive Sulawesi crested macaques housed at Chester Zoo.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulawesi Crested Macaque (Macaca nigra) Grooming Networks Are Robust to Perturbation While Individual Associations Are More Labile

et al. 2020

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Social and environmental disturbance occurs naturally, and species in bonded social groups should be resilient to it. Empirical evidence of social responses to disturbance in primates, however, remains limited. We constructed social networks using group-level scan samples (N = 299) to test the robustness of grooming networks in a captive group of 20 Sulawesi crested macaques (Macaca nigra) to two management interventions involving environmental and social disturbance. During the first, the institution removed six castrated males and one female, contracepted six of the nine remaining females, and moved the group to a new enclosure. The second involved the introduction of a novel, reproductive male five weeks later. Networks remained stable following the first intervention. However, after introduction of the male, the number of grooming partners and the frequency of grooming with non-maternal kin increased in female-only networks. We observed less marked increases in the grooming frequency and number of grooming partners in whole group networks. Ten weeks later, network structure was more similar to that of pre-intervention networks than post-intervention networks. Our results suggest that reproductive males play a more important role in structuring Sulawesi crested macaque social networks than castrated males, as networks expanded and relationships between non-maternal kin occurred more frequently after introduction of the reproductive male. However, network responses to interventions appeared to be temporary as networks following a period of acclimation more closely resembled preintervention networks than post-intervention networks. Our study demonstrates the utility of social network analysis for understanding the impact of disturbance on stable social groups.

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“…First, crested macaques are of particular interest for better understanding primate evolution because the species possesses features not found in any of the other Sulawesi macaques. For example, other Sulawesi macaques live in groups of ≤40 individuals, while crested macaques live in large groups sometimes containing >100 individuals (Marty et al 2015 ; Riley 2010 ). Despite the large group size, crested macaques seem to be an extreme case in terms of male–male reproductive competition, with males fighting fiercely for dominance (Marty 2015 ) and dominant males able to monopolize matings with fertile females (Engelhardt et al unpubl.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers for the Assessment of Male Reproductive Skew and Genetic Variation in Critically Endangered Crested Macaques (Macaca nigra)

Engelhardt

Muniz

Perwitasari-Farajallah

et al. 2017

Int J Primatol

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Genetic analyses based on noninvasively collected samples have become an important tool for evolutionary biology and conservation. Crested macaques (Macaca nigra), endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia, are important for our understanding of primate evolution as Sulawesi macaques represent an exceptional example of primate adaptive radiation. Crested macaques are also Critically Endangered. However, to date we know very little about their genetics. The aim of our study was to find and validate microsatellite markers useful for evolutionary, conservation, and other genetic studies on wild crested macaques. Using fecal samples of 176 wild macaques living in the Tangkoko Reserve, Sulawesi, we identified 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci through cross-species polymerase chain reaction amplification with later modification of some of these primers. We tested their suitability by investigating and exploring patterns of paternity, observed heterozygosity, and evidence for inbreeding. We assigned paternity to 63 of 65 infants with high confidence. Among cases with solved paternity, we found no evidence of extragroup paternity and natal breeding. We found a relatively steep male reproductive skew B index of 0.330 ± 0.267; mean ± SD) and mean alpha paternity of 65% per year with large variation across groups and years (29–100%). Finally, we detected an excess in observed heterozygosity and no evidence of inbreeding across our three study groups, with an observed heterozygosity of 0.766 ± 0.059 and expected heterozygosity of 0.708 ± 0.059, and an inbreeding coefficient of −0.082 ± 0.035. Our results indicate that the selected markers are useful for genetic studies on wild crested macaques, and possibly also on other Sulawesi and closely related macaques. They further suggest that the Tangkoko population of crested macaques is still genetically variable despite its small size, isolation, and the species’ reproductive patterns. This gives us hope that other endangered primate species living in small, isolated populations may also retain a healthy gene pool, at least in the short term.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10764-017-9973-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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The endemic seven: Four decades of research on the Sulawesi macaques

Cited by 44 publications

References 87 publications

Comparative Personality Assessment of Three Captive Primate Species: Macaca nigra, Macaca sylvanus, and Saimiri sciureus

Comparative Personality Assessment of Three Captive Primate Species: Macaca nigra, Macaca sylvanus, and Saimiri sciureus

Sulawesi Crested Macaque (Macaca nigra) Grooming Networks Are Robust to Perturbation While Individual Associations Are More Labile

Highly Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers for the Assessment of Male Reproductive Skew and Genetic Variation in Critically Endangered Crested Macaques (Macaca nigra)

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