The Endless Frontier, Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research

Realizing Societal Benefit from Academic Research: Analysis of the National Science Foundation’s Broader Impacts Criterion

“…Impressed with the contribution of science and technology to the war effort, President Roosevelt asked Vannevar Bush, the Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, to develop a strategy that would capture benefits from scientific research during peace time. In his report, Science: The Endless Frontier, Bush suggested creating a new government agency-the National Research Foundation-to fund basic scientific research and education in universities and research institutes (Bush 1945). Bush, a prominent engineer, echoed the scientific community's concern about government interference in university research activities.…”

“…The function of applied research is to provide such complete answers. (Bush 1945) Thus, basic science became the domain of experts, who were uniquely qualified to judge the best research agenda for understanding the laws of nature.…”

The Changing Paths in Academic Careers in European Universities: Minor Steps and Major Milestones

“…And rationales for public funding in higher education have been evolving in the last two to three decades, as the postwar "social contract" between governments and universities, most clearly expressed in Vannevar Bush's report on Science: The Endless Frontier (Bush 1945;Kwiek 2013a), has been under revisions. As summarized by Martin and Etzkowitz (2000, p. 7), under the revised social contract there is a clear expectation that, in return for public funds, scientists and universities must address the needs of 'users' in the economy and society.…”

Pesquisa no Brasil: a reforma tardia

“…Esse fato, associado à necessidade de redirecionar a indústria norte-americana para os tempos de paz e de guerra-fria, fez com que o tema do desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico adquirisse uma enorme visibilidade política nos Estados Unidos. Disso resultou o estabelecimento de um consenso entre governo, indústria, comunidade científica e público em geral, sintetizado no famoso relatório elaborado em 1945 por Vannevar Bush, intitulado Science: the endless frontier (Bush, 1990).…”