The Endocrine Glands

Capen, Charles C.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-391607-5.50011-x

Cited by 52 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…Hypotheses include 1) excessive adrenocortical production of sex hormones, 2) increased secretion of melanocyte stimulating hormone from the pituitary pars intermedia through loss of dopaminergic inhibition, and 3) mechanical pressure of the pituitary gland on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center. 2,9,13,19,20,22 PPID was tentatively diagnosed in this mare mainly because of the hypertrichosis, but the owner declined endocrine testing to confirm it. 12 Histologically, adenomatous hyperplasia of pars intermedia was evident along with lymphoma in this case.…”

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confidence: 90%

Hypertrichosis in a Horse with Alimentary T-Cell Lymphoma and Pituitary Involvement

et al. 2007

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Abstract. A 13-year-old Quarterhorse mare had a 6-month history of diarrhea, progressive weight loss, and lethargy. At presentation the mare was hirsute, had hyperhidrosis, and abnormal fat distribution in addition to severe diarrhea. A presumptive clinical diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction was made. T-cell lymphoma was diagnosed in a rectal biopsy specimen. The owner elected to euthanize the mare because of poor prognosis and the severity of the disease. At necropsy, the mare had hypertrichosis and the pituitary gland was diffusely enlarged. Histologically, neoplastic lymphocytes infiltrated the gastrointestinal mucosa, mesenteric lymph nodes, and the pituitary gland. In addition, there was hyperplasia of the pituitary gland pars intermedia. Pituitary adenoma was not present. Hypertrichosis in this case could have been triggered by a combination of adenomatous hyperplasia of pars intermedia and lymphoma resulting in disruption of the hypothalamic dopaminergic tone or disruption of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center.Key words: CD3; horses; hypertrichosis; immunohistochemistry; lymphoma; pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.Lymphoma accounts for 0.2 to 3.0% of equine neoplasms. 10 The small intestine is more commonly affected than the large intestine in the alimentary form 7,14,15,18 with secondary involvement of the liver 18 and mesenteric lymph nodes. 15 Clinical signs are usually nonspecific and include weight loss, anorexia, malabsorption, and chronic diarrhea. 7,14 Equine alimentary lymphoma is usually of Tcell origin. 7,14 Although equine lymphoma involving central nervous system has been documented sporadically, 11 such tumor in the pituitary gland has not been reported. This report describes the clinicopathologic findings in a horse with alimentary lymphoma and pituitary involvement.A 13-year-old Quarterhorse mare was presented to the Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of chronic diarrhea and hirsutism. The mare had a 6-month history of watery diarrhea, progressive weight loss, lethargy, and weakness in the hind limbs. At presentation the mare had a normal temperature (37.5uC), was tachycardic (60 beats/minute), and was mildly tachypneic (32 breaths/ minute). It had a long, thick, wavy hair coat, and moderate muscle wasting. Oral mucous membranes were slightly pale with normal capillary refill time. Rectal examination was within normal limits. Increased breath sounds were ausculted in the dorsal lung fields. The mare's age, physical examination findings, and history of chronic cough suggested recurrent airway obstruction. The mare was mildly ataxic. Complete blood count showed lymphopenia (0.47 3 10 3 /ml; reference range, 1.5-5.5 3 10 3 /ml) that was likely glucocorticoid-induced either from stress or in response to pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Serum chemistry showed hypoproteinemia (4.8 g/dl; reference range, 4.7-7.5 g/dl), hypoalbuminemia (1.8 g/dl; reference range, 2.5-3.8 g/dl), hypocalcemia (10.1 mg/dl...

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confidence: 90%

Hypertrichosis in a Horse with Alimentary T-Cell Lymphoma and Pituitary Involvement

et al. 2007

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“…Specific tests of adrenal function, such as measurement of urinary steroids (urinary cortisol/creatinine ratio), cortisol before and after ACTH stimulation test and suppression test with lowdose dexamethasone are also required (CAPEN, 2007;FELDMAN, 2008;NELSON, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the abdominal ultrasound confirms the presence of a mass in the adrenal topography, plain and contrasted abdominal CT scans are necessary. Chest x-rays should be evaluated for evidence of pulmonary metastasis of an adrenocortical carcinoma (CAPEN, 2007;NELSON, 2010). Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging disclose the presence of pituitary tumors larger than 1 cm and these are the most accurate tests for investigating the source of hypercortisolism and obtaining images of the adrenal gland (BEHREND et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adrenalectomy in dogs: retrospective study of 13 cases performed in Universidade Anhembi Morumbi Veterinary Hospital (2012-2015)

Pacini¹,

Jericó²,

Scalize³

et al. 2017

Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci.

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Adrenalectomia é o tratamento mais indicado para neoplasias adrenais unilaterais. Objetivou-se descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos e o comportamento perioperatório em cães submetidos a adrenalectomia no Hospital Veterinário Anhembi Morumbi. Dos 13 casos, oito eram cães de raças puras e cinco eram SRD; 12 eram fêmeas e de idade de 9,5 ± 2,5 anos. Das massas adrenais, sete eram em lado direito. Os exames histopatológicos revelaram adenoma cortical em 11 cães e adenocarcinoma em dois. Dois casos recidivaram a condição de hipercortisolemia, associada à hiperplasia, na adrenal contralateral, confirmados pelo teste de estimulação por ACTH. Concluiu-se que a adrenalectomia é um procedimento seguro, com poucas complicações perioperatórias, ressalvando-se a possiblidade de recidiva do quadro de hipercortisolismo.

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“…In domestic animals, they are most frequently seen in old dogs and sporadically in horses, cattle, and sheep. 2 Focal areas of mineralization and accumulations of fat cells have been reported in such benign tumors 2 and were also seen in 2 of the 8 raccoons.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…2 Nodular hyperplasia is usually present in both adrenals, multiple, and encapsulated. 2 In these 8 raccoons, the adenomas were unilateral, single, and had evidence of partial or complete encapsulation. Adrenal cortical adenomas reportedly are composed of cells that resemble secretory cells of zonae faciculata or reticularis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adrenal Gland Adenomas in Raccoons (Procyon Lotor) from the Eastern United States

Hamir

Rupprecht²

1995

J VET Diagn Invest

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Neoplasms appear to be rather rare in the raccoon (Procyon lotor). In a retrospective survey of over 400 raccoon necropsies, only an astocytoma of the brain and a fibroma of the skin were observed. 3 However, 16 tumors were observed in 93 raccoons that were necropsied at zoological facilities. 10 Thirteen of these tumors were of the thyroid glands, and 1 each involved the liver, kidney, and uterus. The paucity of reported cases of neoplasia in this species may be due to genetic resistance of the raccoon to neoplasia, high turnover in free-ranging populations, or a lack of thorough pathologic examination of sufficient numbers of raccoons.The recent epizootic of raccoon rabies in the eastern USA 11 and subsequent development and experimental evaluation of a genetically engineered vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) recombinant virus vaccine 12 provided an opportunity to examine a large number of raccoons for pathologic changes. This communication documents adrenal gland tumors in 8 raccoons.The animals used for this investigation were obtained from 4 different locations in the eastern USA. During a 5-year period (1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990), 322 raccoons (113 from Pennsylvania, 85 from Ohio, 73 from Virginia, 51 from South Carolina) were necropsied, and their tissues were examined histopathologically. The Pennsylvania raccoons were from raccoon rabies-enzootic areas and were rabies suspects. The raccoons from Ohio were obtained from the wild and were used for experimental evaluation of the V-RG vaccine, rabies pathogenesis, and adenovirus studies. 7 The Virginia and the South Carolina raccoons were obtained from off-shore islands. 12 These island raccoons were from rabies-free areas and were used to compile baseline data for pathologic conditions prior to proposed V-RG release. Included in the Virginia raccoons were 53 raccoons that were necropsied for field evaluation of the V-RG vaccine. Raccoons from all 4 locations were either subadults or adults.At the time of necropsy, representative tissue samples of all major organs 5 were placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The tissues were processed for routine histology, embedded in paraffin, cut at 5 µm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for examination by light microscopy.Gross adrenal gland lesions were observed in 5 raccoons. The lesions were visible only when the adrenal glands were bisected. On cut section of the affected gland, a white round to oval mass, approximately 0.5 cm in diameter, was present From the

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The Endocrine Glands

Cited by 52 publications

References 168 publications

Hypertrichosis in a Horse with Alimentary T-Cell Lymphoma and Pituitary Involvement

Hypertrichosis in a Horse with Alimentary T-Cell Lymphoma and Pituitary Involvement

Adrenalectomy in dogs: retrospective study of 13 cases performed in Universidade Anhembi Morumbi Veterinary Hospital (2012-2015)

Adrenal Gland Adenomas in Raccoons (Procyon Lotor) from the Eastern United States

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