The endoplasmic reticulum: a cytochemist's view (a review).

Novikoff, Alex B.

doi:10.1073/pnas.73.8.2781

Cited by 363 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Thus, the lysosomal enzymes cathepsin D of spleen cells (55,176) and ,Q-glucuronidase of rat liver cells (164,176) have been shown to be synthesized exclusively in bound polysomes . Since primary lysosomes appear to form in a special region of the endoplasmic membrane system that includes elements of the Golgi apparatus (GERL) (150), it is likely that other lysosomal enzymes are also initially cotranslationally discharged into the ER lumen. The synthesis of lysosomal enzymes on bound polysomes is also suggested by cytochemical studies, which demonstrated the presence of lysosomal hydrolases in the cistemal space of the ER of developing leukocytes (4) .…”

Section: Vectorial Discharge Of Nascentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms for the incorporation of proteins in membranes and organelles.

Sabatini¹,

Kreibich²,

Morimoto³

et al. 1982

The Journal of Cell Biology

869

281

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Section: Vectorial Discharge Of Nascentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms for the incorporation of proteins in membranes and organelles.

Sabatini¹,

Kreibich²,

Morimoto³

et al. 1982

The Journal of Cell Biology

869

281

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“…endocytosis GERL (Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes) is a term used to describe a hydrolaserich structure located near the "trans" (3) Golgi saccule. It is considered to be a specialized area of endoplasmic reticulum that is apparently involved in the formation of various types of lysosomes (16,18,19). The structure was first described by Novikoff (16) in the small neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia.…”

Section: Abstract Gerlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is considered to be a specialized area of endoplasmic reticulum that is apparently involved in the formation of various types of lysosomes (16,18,19). The structure was first described by Novikoff (16) in the small neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructural study of GERL in beige mouse alveolar macrophages.

Essner¹,

Haimes²

1977

The Journal of Cell Biology

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Alveolar macrophages of the beige mouse mutant have a system of smoothsurfaced elements with the hallmarks of GERL. GERL also appears to produce residual bodies, and both organelles show cytochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase activity. When cells are exposed to colloidal silver, the tracer is endocytosed via pinocytic vacuoles to GERL. KEY WORDS GERLbeige mouse alveolar macrophage lysosomes . endocytosis GERL (Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes) is a term used to describe a hydrolaserich structure located near the "trans" (3) Golgi saccule. It is considered to be a specialized area of endoplasmic reticulum that is apparently involved in the formation of various types of lysosomes (16,18,19). The structure was first described by Novikoff (16) in the small neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia. Novikoff and his colleagues subsequently described GERL in diverse cell types (see reference 18, for recent review). In a preliminary study of mouse alveolar macrophages (4), we described a system of smoothsurfaced elements that appeared to be analogous to GERL. This report provides additional morphological and cytochemical evidence for the presence of GERL in the alveolar macrophage. Although GERL has also been identified in alveolar macrophages of normal Swiss mice, it is more highly developed and thus easier to study in the beige mouse, a mutant considered to be homologous to human Chediak-Higashi syndrome (1,13,20).Recently, Gonatas et al. (8) demonstrated that when cultured neurons are exposed to conjugates of ricin or phytohemagglutinin and horseradish peroxidase, the material is endocytosed into GERL. In the present study, we show that when colloidal silver is endocytosed by alveolar macrophages, it first appears in pinocytic vacuoles and then in elements of GERL. Residual bodies (secondary iysosomes; reference 17), some of which contain colloidal silver, appear to originate from GERL. MATERIALS AND METHODSA total of 25 adult beige (bg/bg) and control (C57BL/ 6J) mice (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were used in these experiments.For electron microscopy, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Small pieces of lung were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde (3 h, 4~ reference 22) or in Kanaovsky's fixative (1-3 h, room temperature; reference 10), diluted with an equal volume of 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4. The tissue was rinsed three times in the same buffer containing 5% sucrose and stored overnight at 4~ The tissues were fixed in 1% OsO~-5% sucrose (1 h, 4~ rinsed in sucrose buffer, and soaked (4 h, 4~ in 0.5% uranyl acetate in Michaelis veronal-acetate buffer, pH 5.0 (6), then dehydrated in graded alcohols and propylene oxide and embedded in Spurr's mixture (25) or in Epon (12). Thin sections, prepared on a diamond knife, were stained with lead citrate (21) and examined in a Siemens 101B electron microscope.For demonstration of acid phosphatase activity, thin strips of tissue were fixed in glutaraldehyde or in diluted Karnovsky's fixative as described above, rinsed in su-

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“…Gram-negative bacteria (2, 3) and the cell nucleus (4), however, exhibit a strikingly special envelope that consists of a concentric double-bilayer membrane. More complex membranes are also encountered in cells and their various organelles, such as multivesicular structures of eukaryotic cells (5) and endosomes (6), and multibilayer structures of endoplasmic reticulum (7,8), myelin (9, 10), and multilamellar bodies (11,12). This diversity of biological membranes inspired corresponding biological mimics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-assembly of amphiphilic Janus dendrimers into uniform onion-like dendrimersomes with predictable size and number of bilayers

Zhang

Sun

Hughes

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

152

160

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A constitutional isomeric library synthesized by a modular approach has been used to discover six amphiphilic Janus dendrimer primary structures, which self-assemble into uniform onion-like vesicles with predictable dimensions and number of internal bilayers. These vesicles, denoted onion-like dendrimersomes, are assembled by simple injection of a solution of Janus dendrimer in a water-miscible solvent into water or buffer. These dendrimersomes provide mimics of double-bilayer and multibilayer biological membranes with dimensions and number of bilayers predicted by the Janus compound concentration in water. The simple injection method of preparation is accessible without any special equipment, generating uniform vesicles, and thus provides a promising tool for fundamental studies as well as technological applications in nanomedicine and other fields.synthetic membranes | biomembrane mimics | multibilayer vesicles M ost living organisms contain single-bilayer membranes composed of lipids, glycolipids, cholesterol, transmembrane proteins, and glycoproteins (1). Gram-negative bacteria (2, 3) and the cell nucleus (4), however, exhibit a strikingly special envelope that consists of a concentric double-bilayer membrane. More complex membranes are also encountered in cells and their various organelles, such as multivesicular structures of eukaryotic cells (5) and endosomes (6), and multibilayer structures of endoplasmic reticulum (7,8), myelin (9, 10), and multilamellar bodies (11,12). This diversity of biological membranes inspired corresponding biological mimics. Liposomes ( Fig. 1) self-assembled from phospholipids are the first mimics of singlebilayer biological membranes (13-16), but they are polydisperse, unstable, and permeable (14). Stealth liposomes coassembled from phospholipids, cholesterol, and phospholipids conjugated with poly(ethylene glycol) exhibit improved stability, permeability, and mechanical properties (17)(18)(19)(20). Polymersomes (21-24) assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers exhibit better mechanical properties and permeability, but are not always biocompatible and are polydisperse. Dendrimersomes (25-28) self-assembled from amphiphilic Janus dendrimers and minidendrimers (26-28) have also been elaborated to mimic single-bilayer biological membranes. Amphiphilic Janus dendrimers take advantage of multivalency both in their hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts (23,(29)(30)(31)(32). Dendrimersomes are assembled by simple injection (33) of a solution of an amphiphilic Janus dendrimer (26) in a water-soluble solvent into water or buffer and produce uniform (34), impermeable, and stable vesicles with excellent mechanical properties. In addition, their size and properties can be predicted by their primary structure (27). Amphiphilic Janus glycodendrimers self-assemble into glycodendrimersomes that mimic the glycan ligands of biological membranes (35). They have been demonstrated to be bioactive toward biomedically relevant bacterial, plant, and human lectins, and could have numerous applications i...

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The endoplasmic reticulum: a cytochemist's view (a review).

Cited by 363 publications

References 37 publications

Mechanisms for the incorporation of proteins in membranes and organelles.

Mechanisms for the incorporation of proteins in membranes and organelles.

Ultrastructural study of GERL in beige mouse alveolar macrophages.

Self-assembly of amphiphilic Janus dendrimers into uniform onion-like dendrimersomes with predictable size and number of bilayers

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