The energetics of running and running shoes

Shorten, Martyn R.

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(93)90078-s

Cited by 95 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…These aetiological analyses have shown that the majority of injuries occur in the lower extremities and that a high proportion of these are chronic pathologies that relate to over utilisation of the musculoskeletal structures during netball specific motions (McManus, Stevenson, & Finch, 2006). Appropriate footwear selection may be able to control the high incidence of injuries in netballers (Shorten 1993). However there is a clear lack of published work investigating the effects of different footwear on the parameters linked to the aetiology of injury development in netballers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of sport-specific and minimalist footwear on the kinetics and kinematics of three netball-specific movements

et al. 2014

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Netball is associated with a high frequency of chronic injuries. There is currently a trend towards the utilisation of minimalist footwear in netball players in lieu of traditional netball trainers. The aim of the current investigation was to examine the influence of netball-specific and minimalist footwear on the kinetics and three-dimensional (3-D) kinematics of three sport specific movements. Twelve female netballers performed three movements, run, cut and vertical jump, whilst wearing a conventional netball trainer and also a minimalist trainer. 3-D kinematics of the lower extremities were measured using an eight-camera motion analysis system alongside kinetic information which was obtained using a force platform. Kinetic/3-D kinematic differences between movements wearing different footwear were examined using paired t-tests. The kinetic analysis revealed that impact parameters were significantly greater in the minimalist footwear in comparison to the netball shoe for all three movements. In addition peak ankle eversion was shown to be significantly greater in the minimalist footwear in the running movement condition. The current study therefore suggests that the utilisation of minimalist footwear for netball training/performance may place netballers at increased risk from chronic injuries based on which a continued utilisation of netball-specific footwear may be recommended.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of sport-specific and minimalist footwear on the kinetics and kinematics of three netball-specific movements

et al. 2014

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“…Joint work estimates, based on inverse dynamics, fail to capture negative work performed by passive soft tissue (DeVita et al, 2007;Zelik and Kuo, 2010) and shoe deformations (Sasaki et al, 2009;Shorten, 1993). For an individual walking on level ground at constant speed, experimental estimates indicate that there is substantially more positive work performed about the lower-limb ankle, knee and hip joints than negative work (DeVita et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Six degree-of-freedom analysis of hip, knee, ankle and foot provides updated understanding of biomechanical work during human walking

Zelik

Takahashi

Sawicki

2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

117

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Measuring biomechanical work performed by humans and other animals is critical for understanding muscle-tendon function, jointspecific contributions and energy-saving mechanisms during locomotion. Inverse dynamics is often employed to estimate jointlevel contributions, and deformable body estimates can be used to study work performed by the foot. We recently discovered that these commonly used experimental estimates fail to explain whole-body energy changes observed during human walking. By re-analyzing previously published data, we found that about 25% (8 J) of total positive energy changes of/about the body's center-of-mass and >30% of the energy changes during the Push-off phase of walking were not explained by conventional joint-and segment-level work estimates, exposing a gap in our fundamental understanding of work production during gait. Here, we present a novel Energy-Accounting analysis that integrates various empirical measures of work and energy to elucidate the source of unexplained biomechanical work. We discovered that by extending conventional 3 degree-of-freedom (DOF) inverse dynamics (estimating rotational work about joints) to 6DOF (rotational and translational) analysis of the hip, knee, ankle and foot, we could fully explain the missing positive work. This revealed that Push-off work performed about the hip may be >50% greater than conventionally estimated (9.3 versus 6.0 J, P=0.0002, at 1.4 m s −1). Our findings demonstrate that 6DOF analysis (of hipknee-ankle-foot) better captures energy changes of the body than more conventional 3DOF estimates. These findings refine our fundamental understanding of how work is distributed within the body, which has implications for assistive technology, biomechanical simulations and potentially clinical treatment.

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“…Part of this work becomes stored as deformation energy in the material (elastically deformed). When the load on the midsole is reduced, the material undergoes an elastic recovery to its original shape (Shorteen 1993). …”

Section: Medial-lateral Component (Grf M-l)mentioning

confidence: 99%