The Energy Balance Microclimate of a Suburban Lawn

Suckling, Philip W.

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1980)019<0606:tebmoa>2.0.co;2

Cited by 26 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…On a daily basis evaporation from a mini-lysimeter exceeded the net radiation. These findings were replicated by Suckling (1980). Oasis effects have been observed over crops at several locations (e.g.…”

Section: E6aporation and The Energy Balance O6er A Wet Surfacementioning

confidence: 59%

Advection and the surface energy balance across an irrigated urban park

2000

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The surface energy balance in an irrigated urban park in suburban Sacramento, CA is observed. Three sites extend from the edge of the park to its centre, along a transect which is aligned with the prevailing wind. Direct measurements of the fluxes of net radiation, soil heat flux and evaporation are made at each site and the convective sensible heat is found by residual. Strong advective effects on evaporation are observed, especially in the afternoon and evening. The driving forces for this are the differences in surface and air temperature, and humidity, between the cool, wet park and its warmer, drier built‐up surroundings. The control of the surroundings on park evaporation is demonstrated by comparing values with those from synchronous observations in the surrounding suburbs and at an irrigated sod farm just outside the city. Greatest evaporative enhancement is observed at the upwind edge. Throughout the afternoon evaporation considerably exceeds the net radiation. This is interpreted to be due to the microscale leading‐edge effect which appears to be restricted to a fetch of about 20 m. Further into the park evaporation also exceeds the net radiation in the afternoon due to the oasis effect. At all sites the sensible heat flux density in the afternoon is negative. Daily and daytime total evaporation from the park is more than 300% that from the integrated suburban area, and more than 130% that from the irrigated rural grass site. The unlimited water supply and the high temperatures of the park allow it to behave like a wet leaf in that its surface temperature seems to be ‘thermostatically’ controlled—it never rises more than a few degrees above that of the park air and for much of the day is cooler than the park air. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society

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Section: E6aporation and The Energy Balance O6er A Wet Surfacementioning

confidence: 59%

Advection and the surface energy balance across an irrigated urban park

2000

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“…Oke (1979) found that evapotranspiration in locally vegetated urban areas is increased by exposure of vegetation to advection of sensible heat from surrounding surfaces. In a followup study, Suckling (1980) found that the increase of urban evapotranspiration by advection is not as great in larger or more sheltered urban vegetated areas, but is still present. This "advectively-assisted evapotran spiration" suggests that evapotranspiration in urbanizing areas is not reduced in proportion to loss of vegetated area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

CHANGING RAINFALL‐RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS IN THE URBANIZING PEACHTREE CREEK WATERSHED, ATLANTA, GEORGIA¹

Ferguson¹,

Suckling

1990

J American Water Resour Assoc

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Peachtree Creek is a gaged watershed that has experienced a substantial increase in urbanization. The relationships of runoff to rainfall were studied for total annual flows, low flows, and peak flows. For each type of flow the relationship in the later, more urbanized period was compared to that in the earlier, less urbanized period. An increase in total runoff in wet years was observed as urbanization increased, but a decrease occurred during dry years. For low flows a similar decrease of runoff in dry years was found. An increase in peak runoff was observed over most of the range of precipitation. Increasing peak flows and declining low flows can be adequately explained by urban hydrologic theoryshed. which focuses on the effects of urban impervious surfaces upon direct runoff and infiltration. However, a decline of total runoff in dry years can be explained only by taking into account evapotranspiration as well. The concept of advectively assisted urban evapotranspiration, previously discovered by climatologists, is needed to explain such a loss of total runoff. Urban hydrologic theory must take into account vegetation and evapotranspiration, as well as impervious surfaces and their direct runoff, to explain the magnitude of total annual flows and low flows. Urban stormwater management should address the restoration of low flows, as well as the control of floods.

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“…Arnfield, 1984Arnfield, , 2000bPaterson and Apelt, 1989;Munro, 1989a, 1989b). Horizontal ground-level surfaces are a patchwork of elements, such as irrigated gardens and lawns (Oke, 1979a;Suckling, 1980), non-irrigated greenspace, and paved areas (Doll et al, 1985;Asaeda et al, 1996;Anandakumar, 1999) with contrasting radiative, thermal, aerodynamic and moisture properties, frequently including trees (Oke, 1989;Grimmond et al, 1996;Kjelgren and Montague, 1998). These different surface elements possess diverse energy budgets that generate contrasts in surface characteristics (e.g.…”

Section: Scale Spatial Heterogeneity and Urban Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island

Arnfield

2003

Intl Journal of Climatology

2,829

1,518

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Progress in urban climatology over the two decades since the first publication of the International Journal of Climatology is reviewed. It is emphasized that urban climatology during this period has benefited from conceptual advances made in microclimatology and boundary-layer climatology in general. The role of scale, heterogeneity, dynamic source areas for turbulent fluxes and the complexity introduced by the roughness sublayer over the tall, rigid roughness elements of cities is described. The diversity of urban heat islands, depending on the medium sensed and the sensing technique, is explained. The review focuses on two areas within urban climatology. First, it assesses advances in the study of selected urban climatic processes relating to urban atmospheric turbulence (including surface roughness) and exchange processes for energy and water, at scales of consideration ranging from individual facets of the urban environment, through streets and city blocks to neighbourhoods. Second, it explores the literature on the urban temperature field. The state of knowledge about urban heat islands around 1980 is described and work since then is assessed in terms of similarities to and contrasts with that situation. Finally, the main advances are summarized and recommendations for urban climate work in the future are made.

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The Energy Balance Microclimate of a Suburban Lawn

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Advection and the surface energy balance across an irrigated urban park

Advection and the surface energy balance across an irrigated urban park

CHANGING RAINFALL‐RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS IN THE URBANIZING PEACHTREE CREEK WATERSHED, ATLANTA, GEORGIA¹

Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island

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The Energy Balance Microclimate of a Suburban Lawn

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Advection and the surface energy balance across an irrigated urban park

Advection and the surface energy balance across an irrigated urban park

CHANGING RAINFALL‐RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS IN THE URBANIZING PEACHTREE CREEK WATERSHED, ATLANTA, GEORGIA1

Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island

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CHANGING RAINFALL‐RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS IN THE URBANIZING PEACHTREE CREEK WATERSHED, ATLANTA, GEORGIA¹