The Energy Costs of the Ecotourism Summit in Quebec

Becken, Susanne

doi:10.1080/09669580208667180

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Høyer and Naess (2001) pointed out the problem of energy costs for delegates travelling from all over the world to ecological conferences. A study by Becken (2002) then examined the estimated costs of the Ecotourism Summit in 2002, which was considered a huge success, but which also accumulated huge negative greenhouse effects. Intentions and consequences may not always be in harmony.…”

Section: Putting Naessian Deep Ecological Friluftsliv Into Practice; mentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Richness in Ends, Simpleness in Means!’ on Arne Naess’s Version of Deep Ecological Friluftsliv and Its Implications for Outdoor Activities

Breivik

2020

Sport, Ethics and Philosophy

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The increasing global warming and the loss of biodiversity should concern us all. Some feel that outdoor activities, which take place in natural surroundings, should have a special obligation to change. In this article I present an example of what an outdoor life practice that responds to the ecological crisis could look like. I use the simple Norwegian outdoor life called friluftsliv, and the deep ecological version suggested by philosopher and climber Arne Naess (1912-2009) as an example and case. Naessian friluftsliv is interesting and relevant in three ways. First, Naess gave a philosophical basis for friluftsliv, building on deep ecology and Spinozism. Second, he presented content, norms and guidelines for a deep ecological friluftsliv. And third, he gave examples of such friluftsliv through his own practice of simple life in nature. Naess thus presents a radical alternative to present-day resource-consuming and specialized outdoor activities and nature sports. Finally, Naess's version of deep ecological friluftsliv is discussed in relation to alternative theoretical approaches and to critical questions concerning friluftsliv as practice.

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Section: Putting Naessian Deep Ecological Friluftsliv Into Practice; mentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Richness in Ends, Simpleness in Means!’ on Arne Naess’s Version of Deep Ecological Friluftsliv and Its Implications for Outdoor Activities

Breivik

2020

Sport, Ethics and Philosophy

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“…Following the IPCC's Third Assessment Report in 2001, scholars began to estimate business-and conference-related carbon dioxide emissions from air travel (Becken, 2002;Desiere, 2016;Guterman, 2009;Hall, 2007;Hischier & Hilty, 2002;Nevins, 2014;Roberts & Godlee, 2007;Stohl, 2008;Stroud & Feeley, 2014;Wynes et al, 2019). Several studies documented the inequitable distribution of emissions among average citizens in various countries and airborne conference attendees (Becken, 2002;Fox et al, 2009;Høyer, 2009;Nevins, 2014;Stohl, 2008). Hischier and Hilty (2002) reported that travel accounted for 96.3 percent of the energy demands and carbon emissions related to a conference, and that 6 percent of participants contributed to about 60 percent of the overall environmental impact.…”

Section: Conference-related Carbon Dioxide Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Travel-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions from American Society of Landscape Architects Annual Meetings

Kuper¹

2019

Landscape Jrnl.

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The logo of the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) proclaims it to be "Green Since 1899." Annual meetings convened by the ASLA necessitate that many attendees travel by air. Carbon dioxide emissions from aircraft operations accounted for 2-3 percent of annual global emissions in 2010. Emissions are rising, despite the need to remove atmospheric carbon dioxide and reduce global emissions by 45 percent before 2030 and 100 percent before 2050, relative to 2010 levels, to limit global warming to 1.5°C. No public estimations of travel-related carbon emissions associated with ASLA annual meetings are available. Using two web-based carbon calculators, meeting programs, websites, handouts, and ASLA meeting attendance numbers, I performed two travel-related carbon emission estimations: for 2,821 education session featured speakers who presented at annual ASLA meetings in 2011 and between 2013 and 2019; and for annual ASLA meeting attendees between 1960 and 2019. By applying findings from scientific literature to these emission estimates, I also calculated the area of September Arctic sea ice loss that may be attributed to ASLA annual meetings; the labor productivity losses in purchasing power parity that may be associated with ASLA meeting emissions; and the quantity of trees that would be needed to negate the meeting-related quantity of atmospheric carbon dioxide. I conclude by suggesting alterations to the format of annual ASLA conferences that would eliminate travel-related emissions in the future and narrow the gap between the ASLA's actions and proclaimed values.

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“…The calculations in Table 1 represent the main emissions identified; other emissions are marginal and subject to debate. It is worth noting that unlike other research which examined travel emissions for a particular event or activity (Becken, 2002) the calculations in this paper include a radiative forcing multiplier for the flight component to account for the oxides of nitrogen and water vapour emitted, which can have an impact on atmospheric temperature (Sausen et al, 2005).…”

Section: Ghg Emissions From Virtual and Real Fieldtripmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual fieldtrips and climate change education for tourism students

Schott

2017

Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education

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While the pedagogical benefits of fieldtrips have long been recognised our ever increasing understanding of the impacts of flying on climate change is presenting educators with a poignant dilemma; the many benefits long associated with international fieldtrips are at odds with the world community's needs in limiting/halting climatic change. In response, the paper presents the concept of a VRbased virtual fieldtrip as an innovative and carbon-sensitive type of (educational) travel. The paper not only makes the case for virtual fieldtrips as a meaningful learning tool but also explores both the virtual fieldtrip's impact on Greenhouse Gas emissions and climate change-related learning. On both accounts the initial findings in this paper are very encouraging. More in-depth research is now required to not only develop a deeper understanding of the full breadth of benefits, but also of the diverse weaknesses presented by virtual fieldtrips and how to negotiate them.

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The Energy Costs of the Ecotourism Summit in Quebec

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

‘Richness in Ends, Simpleness in Means!’ on Arne Naess’s Version of Deep Ecological Friluftsliv and Its Implications for Outdoor Activities

‘Richness in Ends, Simpleness in Means!’ on Arne Naess’s Version of Deep Ecological Friluftsliv and Its Implications for Outdoor Activities

Travel-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions from American Society of Landscape Architects Annual Meetings

Virtual fieldtrips and climate change education for tourism students

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