The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)

Polakis, Maria; Zachariadis, Panos; Kat, Jan Otto de

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04330-8_3

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Among the recent EEDI literature, two documents are cited here for their connection to monitoring operational efficiency. In its side reference to operational metrics, [23] emphasizes the role of bad weather and ballast legs on EEOI and other indicators of this type, concluding that they are unreliable and unsuitable for benchmarking. Furthermore, the analysis of [24] on the implications of bad weather on ship design as a result of the existing EEDI approach is indicative of the importance that this factor might have on the more sensitive operational indicators.…”

Section: Literature Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theoretically, all indicators should be positively correlated to speed. This is because the emissions of the numerator are proportional to fuel consumption, which for ships such as dry bulk carriers and tankers is a square or even higher function of speed [23,38]. The distance that appears in the denominator, either directly (EEOI, AER, ISPI) or indirectly through time-at-sea (EESH) increases only proportionally to the first power of speed, meaning that the indicators are expected to increase with speed.…”

Section: Other Variables Affecting Indicator Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monitoring the Carbon Footprint of Dry Bulk Shipping in the EU: An Early Assessment of the MRV Regulation

et al. 2019

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Aiming at reducing CO2 emissions from shipping at the EU level, a system for monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of CO2 emissions of ships was introduced in 2015 with the so-called ‘MRV Regulation’. Its stated objective was to produce accurate information on the CO2 emissions of large ships using EU ports and to incentivize energy efficiency improvements by making this information publicly available. On 1 July 2019, the European Commission published the relevant data for 10,880 ships that called at EU ports within 2018. This milestone marked the completion of the first annual cycle of the regulation’s implementation, enabling an early assessment of its effectiveness. To investigate the value of the published data, information was collected on all voyages performed within 2018 by a fleet of 1041 dry bulk carriers operated by a leading Danish shipping company. The MRV indicators were then recalculated on a global basis. The results indicate that the geographic coverage restrictions of the MRV Regulation introduce a significant bias, thus prohibiting their intended use. Nevertheless, the MRV Regulation has played a role in prompting the IMO to adopt its Data Collection System that monitors ship carbon emissions albeit on a global basis.

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Section: Literature Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Variables Affecting Indicator Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the Carbon Footprint of Dry Bulk Shipping in the EU: An Early Assessment of the MRV Regulation

et al. 2019

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“…The EEDI [66] and its related agreements are intended to improve energy efficiency and thereby reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The agreements are complex, include many technical requirements for calculations and verifications, distinguish among 13 types of ships, and differentiate the applicability of the specific requirements for individual ships according to weight, engine type, and time-of-construction.…”

Section: Imomentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Carbon and Other Air Pollutants in Italian Ports and Coastal Areas: Problems, Solutions and Implications for Policies

Brewer¹

2020

Applied Sciences

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Ships’ emissions of air pollutants pose problems for local and regional public health and agricultural production, as well as global climate change. The Italian government’s endorsement in 2019 of the creation of a Mediterranean Emission Control Area is a reflection of increasing concern about the emissions. Also, ongoing developments in the International Maritime Organization and in the European Union add to the Italian government’s maritime shipping agenda and increase its complexity and uncertainty. In that context, this review paper addresses two central questions: What are the consequences for human health and agricultural production of ships’ emissions in Italian ports and coastal areas? How can their emissions be reduced? The approach to these questions is inter-disciplinary. It applies the results of studies in atmospheric chemistry and physics; maritime shipping engineering; public health; agriculture; economics; and international law and policymaking to assess current and prospective policy issues in Italy. The principal conclusions are that: (1) Black carbon emissions are threats to human health and agricultural production in Italy, as well as to the global climate. (2) It is important that black carbon emissions receive more serious attention in policymaking processes in order to reflect the significant analytic progress that has been made in terms of understanding the problems it poses and the technological and policy solutions. (3) There are cost-effective, emission-reducing measures that are readily available, as well as other measures needing more time before full-scale implementation. (4) Although existing multi-level governance systems pose complex analytic and policymaking challenges, they also offer opportunities to institute new policies with significant short-term and long-term co-benefits from reductions in emissions.

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“…One way out could be to include adjustments upward to real sea conditions as part of the sea trials, in addition to the current adjustments 'downwards' to calm water conditions. The idea of a 'weather EEDI' is not new, see Polakis et al [38], but to integrate it as part of the EEDI sea delivery test through the adjustment procedure is novel. One way of implementing it could be to use the same setup as for EEDI delivery tests as today, and then apply two thresholds: the present one applying to calm water conditions and a more generous one applying when one adjusts to real sea conditions, as shown here.…”

Section: The Need To Amend the International Maritime Organization's mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is outside the scope of this paper to provide a comprehensive list of problems or concerns associated with EEDI. The reader is referred to, among others [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. A common criticism is that EEDI shifts the focus of action from designing the best possible hull forms, engines, or propellers, which is the intended aim of EEDI, to an easy solution, which is just to install a smaller engine, thereby reducing the design speed [36].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Need to Amend IMO’s EEDI to Include a Threshold for Performance in Waves (Realistic Sea Conditions) to Achieve the Desired GHG Reductions

et al. 2019

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The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has established the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) as the most important policy measure to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from shipping. A vessel’s EEDI is based on sea trials at delivery, and vessels cannot exceed a threshold for emitted CO2 per ton-mile, depending on vessel type and size. From other industries such as cars we have learnt that testing methods must reflect realistic operating conditions to deliver the desired emission reductions. Present sea-trial procedures for EEDI adjust to ‘calm water conditions’ only, as a comparative basis, despite calm sea being the exception at sea. We find that this adjustment procedure excessively rewards full bodied ‘bulky’ hulls which perform well in calm water conditions. In contrast, hull forms optimized with respect to performance in realistic sea-conditions are not rewarded with the current EEDI procedures. Our results indicate that without adjusting the testing cycle requirements to also include a threshold for performance in waves (real sea), the desired reductions will be short on targets and GHG emissions could potentially increase.

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The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)

Cited by 33 publications

References 1 publication

Monitoring the Carbon Footprint of Dry Bulk Shipping in the EU: An Early Assessment of the MRV Regulation

Monitoring the Carbon Footprint of Dry Bulk Shipping in the EU: An Early Assessment of the MRV Regulation

Black Carbon and Other Air Pollutants in Italian Ports and Coastal Areas: Problems, Solutions and Implications for Policies

The Need to Amend IMO’s EEDI to Include a Threshold for Performance in Waves (Realistic Sea Conditions) to Achieve the Desired GHG Reductions

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