The English Factories in India

Foster, William

doi:10.1017/s0035869x00090870

Cited by 39 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…During the seventeenth century, the Dutch mile was one of the long-distance measures which was equal to one English league or three miles; knowing that the mile equals 1609 meters, and the league equals 4.5-5 km (Foster, 1911).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coins, Weights and Measures in the Arabian Gulf during the European Commercial Activity Period 1600-1800

Maani¹

2014

ASS

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This study examines the coins, weights and measures used in the Gulf region during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as the region attracted traders from different nationalities during this period: Portuguese, English, Dutch and Indians. Some local people and people from the surrounding areas, such as Arabs, Persians, Turks and others practiced commercial activities in the region. Of course, all of them were paying for the goods they buy, which made the region teeming with different types of coins. That, in turn, made it somewhat complicated for researchers to find out the exact value of those coins, as well as to determine the time periods during which those currencies came to the region or for how long they were in use in commercial transactions. Despite the fact that the weights and measures that had been used in the region during the study period were varied, changing over time, and influenced-positively or negatively-by the surrounding states and countries, but we can talk more confidently thereon than currencies which were exchanged in the region.It's worth mentioning herein; that many resources, references and reports, that have been referred to herein state many currencies and measures which had not necessarily been used although it was existed, also there were currencies, measurements and weights that were not mentioned therein.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…And there was "Al-Shahi"-other than the Persian shahi-which was equivalent to five Barahs or five Maidins (Foster, 1911). It was "Al-Shahi" that was meant by Niels Steensgaard when he said "the economic problems and difficulties of the Ottoman Empire reflected in the violent fluctuations and speculations in the proportions of metal coins."…”

Section: Secondmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coins, Weights and Measures in the Arabian Gulf during the European Commercial Activity Period 1600-1800

Maani¹

2014

ASS

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“…69 While the two priest were detain Francisco Vera de Figueiredo negotiates with Henry Greenhill on behalf of Captain-General of San Thome, Gomez Frera Andrada, to free both the prisoner Capuchin Father Ephraim and Reverend Padre, which also detained while retort by the English to freed their Capuchin Father. 70 One of the most prominent merchant living in Fort St. George was a Portuguese named Joan Pereira de Faria, owner of ship Anne, 71 who was migrated to Madras after the fall of Nagapatnam, a Portuguese colony taken by the Dutch in 1660. 72 He offered his service for opening up of trade at Burma and Pegu since he had much experience in the region and he was frequented to the place for trade.…”

Section: Prominent Merchants Citizens Assisting In the Company Servicementioning

confidence: 99%

The Portuguese Working Under the English East India Company at Fort St. George Madras in the Seventeenth Century

Shngreiyo

2016

IRA-JEMS

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<em>This article mainly emphases with the Portuguese migrants at Fort St. George Madras and the policy of the English in containing the problem posed by the migration. Moreover, it also points out the reasons for the growth of Fort St. George Madras, particularly after the fall of San Thome and Nagapattinam and the attendant English response to the Portuguese migrants in Fort St. George Madras. For instance, the English encouraged and welcome the Portuguese migrants to settle in Fort St. George Madras, because the latter were proficient in trade owing to their familiarity with the region and local vernacular. The Portuguese were already settled in the sixteenth century before the English arrived. They knew the local language and all usual ways of expediting business in the region; they were ideal supervisors, as soldiers, as translators, as brokers, in fact as intermediaries for all the range of activities that are useful in establishing and operating a fortified trading post in the midst of a strange landscape. They were indispensible for the newly arrived English Company to establish a trading post. The English skilfully took advantage of these settlers that culminate as one of the success to foothold as a major competitor post in the century to come. </em>

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“…12 In 1620 the English East India Company's factors set up a temporary ''Cor Conna'' (karkhana) at Patna employing nearly 100 persons to wind silk for them. 13 It was considered unethical to take work from a labourer and not pay the agreed wage for it. 14 But the practice of holding back wages was apparently quite common.…”

Section: Non-market Institutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The World of Labour in Mughal India (c.1500–1750)

Moosvi¹

2011

Int Rev of Soc His

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SUMMARY: This article addresses two separate but interlinked questions relating to India in Mughal times (sixteenth to early eighteenth century). First, the terms on which labour was rendered, taking perfect market conditions as standard; and, second, the perceptions of labour held by the higher classes and the labourers themselves. As to forms of labour, one may well describe conditions as those of an imperfect market. Slave labour was restricted largely to domestic service. Rural wage rates were depressed owing to the caste system and the ''village community'' mechanism. In the city, the monopoly of resources by the ruling class necessarily depressed wages through the market mechanism itself. While theories of hierarchy were dominant, there are indications sometimes of a tolerant attitude towards manual labour and the labouring poor among the dominant classes. What seems most striking is the defiant assertion of their status in relation to God and society made on behalf of peasants and workers in northern India in certain religious cults in the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries.

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The English Factories in India

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Coins, Weights and Measures in the Arabian Gulf during the European Commercial Activity Period 1600-1800

Coins, Weights and Measures in the Arabian Gulf during the European Commercial Activity Period 1600-1800

The Portuguese Working Under the English East India Company at Fort St. George Madras in the Seventeenth Century

The World of Labour in Mughal India (c.1500–1750)

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