The Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactivity of Negative Ion Clothing and Attendant Risk

Abstract

The study investigates commercially available negative ion clothing, and evaluations are made using gamma-ray spectroscopy and Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations. Observed to contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), evaluations are made of the radiological risk arising from the use of these as items of everyday wear, undergarments in particular. Organ doses from these were simulated using the MIRD5 mathematical female phantom, with the incorporation of dose conversion factors (DCFs). At 175 ± 26, 1732 ± 247, and 207 ± 38 Bq, for 238U, 232Th, and 40K respectively, item code S05 was found to possess the greatest activity, while item code S07 was shown to have the least activity, at 2 ± 0.5 and 15 ± 2 Bq, and again for 238U and 232Th, respectively. Sample code S11 recorded least activity, at 29 ± 5 Bq, for 40K. Among the clothing items, sample item code S05 offered the greatest concentrations of Th, U and Zr, with percentage means of 1.23 ± 0.1, 0.045 ± 0.001, and 1.29 ± 0.1, respectively, giving rise to an annual effective dose of 1.57 mSv/y assuming a nominal wearing period of 24 h per day. Accordingly, the annual public dose limit of 1 mSv can be exceeded by their use.

Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Bracelets and Necklaces: Radiological Risk Evaluation

“…Those same residues are sometimes being seen to be recycled, various external radiation sources, including naturally occurring radionuclides being deliberately included in consumer products, offered for various reasons, including not only matters of practical utility but also claimed increase in well-being [ 4 ]. Indeed, radioactive materials have for many years been incorporated in a range of consumer products, those proffered on the basis of a suggested enhancement of well-being forming the main focus of this work, particularly in regard to safety concerns [ 5 ]. Chronic exposure from frequent use of these radioactive consumer products (RCP) is both viewed to increase radiation risk to the public as well as potentially impact the environment as a result of discards [ 6 ].…”