The Enlightenment Kidney—Nephrology in and about the Eighteenth Century

Eknoyan, Garabed; Santo, Natale G. De

doi:10.1111/j.1525-139x.2011.00982.x

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Similar comments can be made of the role of the learned societies (see Fay 1932;Hartmann 1996;Eknoyan, and De Santo 2012). These started out during the Enlightenment as informal groups of intellectuals (usually men) talking and who, as learned societies, went on to do little else.…”

Section: The Problem With Informalitymentioning

confidence: 74%

Global South and North: Why Informality Matters

Hodder¹

2016

New Global Studies

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Informality in the global south thought to matter because it is a threat, or a stage on the road, to (or embedded in) formality; or because it is a permanent condition acceptable on its own terms and has the potential to keep formal bureaucratic organizations running and in touch with citizens. These understandings of informality also share an assertion: that the quality of informality is different -almost genetically so -from formality. The purpose of my remarks here is to point this discussion in another direction. I argue that the difference between informality and formality is only conceptual. The supposition that there exists in fact an informal-formal dichotomy, dualism or dialectic, and its use as an analytical lens, produces apparent features which it cannot easily account for. I illustrate these features and then go on to sketch out another approach and its implications. New Global Studies 2016; aop Unauthenticated Download Date | 6/13/16 12:46 PM spontaneous, off-the-books, and outside established routines and practice; and a wider context in which capital and advanced technology are scarce and labor is used intensively. Measures of the extent of informality in the developing world also vary but are striking. About 50 % of employment and 30-40 % of all economic activities are thought to be informal. Figures are higher for some activities and in some regions. A good proportion (60-70 %) of manufacturing across the developing world is said to be informal. In Latin America, about half of the salaried workforce is informal, while figures for the urban workforce alone range from 30 to 70 %. Proportions of the labor force in informal employment rise to 72 % in sub-Saharan Africa and to 65 % in Asia. (See Galiani and Weinschelbaum 2012; Maloney 2004; Moreno-Monroy 2012; Funder and Marani 2015; Maiti and Mitra 2011).In establishing a reasonably distinct and tangible phenomenon for analysis and enumeration, collections of features which are necessarily recurring, predictable, and quantifiable are required, together with an assertion that informality is different -almost genetically so in some instances -from formality. A number of accounts or understandings of "informality" follow from this. First, informality is a barrier to progress. It delineates a detached sector producing different (and inferior) products with different (and inferior) labor and with little capital (see, for instance, La Prota and Shleifer 2014). Enterprises are inefficient and poorly managed, have low employment growth rates, seldom evolve into formal organizations, and see formality as a menace (ibid.). Thus, informality closes down opportunities, suppresses motivation, discourages freedom and creativity, inhibits and distorts communication; and -as markets expand, the division of labor deepens, and the number, scale and complexity of transactions increase -it becomes less cost effective (Balogh 1966, Bardhan 2002Bauer and Yamey 1963;Olson 1982;Sobel 2002). The only remedy is economic development. The informal will only wither as more comp...

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Section: The Problem With Informalitymentioning

confidence: 74%

Global South and North: Why Informality Matters

Hodder¹

2016

New Global Studies

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“…Nephrolithiasis is an acutely painful, recurring illness that affects people of all ages, ethnicities, and genders. Ancient Indian, Chinese, and Greek literature all have descriptions of nephrolithiasis [7]. The health-care system continues to be burdened by kidney stone illness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Hypertension in Patients with Nephrolithiasis

Adhavan

Karthik

2021

JPRI

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Introduction: Kidney stone disease, also known as nephrolithiasis, is a prevalent illness that affects people of all ages and genders. Hypertension is defined as persistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥ 90 mmHg). Methodology: This was a prospective study conducted over a period of 3 months between February 2021 and April 2021 at the Department of General Medicine in our tertiary care center. A total of 280 patients who came to the outpatient department (OPD) were included in the study as study participants. After recording blood pressure, participants were classified as normotensives (218) and hypertensives (62). The study participants were examined for the development of kidney stone disease. In those study participants who had clinical features suggesting nephrolithiasis, the diagnosis was confirmed by Ultrasonography. Results: It was observed that 25 of 62 hypertensives and 47 of 218 normotensives developed nephrolithiasis. And there were 43 men and 29 women among the 72 stone formers. Conclusion: Our study showed a male preponderance for stone formers. And it is also evident that nephrolithiasis is more prevalent among hypertensives than normotensives though not statistically significant.

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Enlightened Minds and Stone Disease

Moran

2013

Urolithiasis

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The Enlightenment Kidney—Nephrology in and about the Eighteenth Century

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

Global South and North: Why Informality Matters

Global South and North: Why Informality Matters

Prevalence of Hypertension in Patients with Nephrolithiasis

Enlightened Minds and Stone Disease

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