The environmental impact of ancient iron mining and smelting on Elba Island, Italy – A geochemical soil survey of the Magazzini site

Sediment Contamination by Heavy Metals and PAH in the Piombino Channel (Tyrrhenian Sea)

“…The high levels of metals (in particular V, Pb, Ni, Cr) were likely related to anthropogenic pollution. Elba island has been one of the most important iron mining areas in Italy since Etruscan times [44]. Extraction activity ceased in 1981 and left many abandoned mines, and waste dumps, mineral deposits, and heavy metals and metalloids (As, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn) related to iron extraction and processing, with consequent water and soil contamination [45].…”

“…Extraction activity ceased in 1981 and left many abandoned mines, and waste dumps, mineral deposits, and heavy metals and metalloids (As, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn) related to iron extraction and processing, with consequent water and soil contamination [45]. Those metals likely accumulated in coastal sediments due to weathering processes [44,46,47]. In the same way, metals (Ni, Pb, Hg, Cu, and Zn) found in sediment in the PB area can be attributed to the steel industry and power plants located in the industrial area, as suggested by previous studies [46,48].…”

Economic operational analytics for energy storage placement at different grid locations and contingency scenarios with stochastic wind profiles

“…Non-parametric multivariate statistical tests are widely used in various other interdisciplinary research fields. It includes analysis of the assessment of completers and non-completers in massive open online courses in [54], soil sample in [55], gene expressions of different parts of the brain with schizophrenia [56]. It is also used to study the influence of minimal access surgery techniques on the patients having different body mass index in [57], and decrease in cognitive load during reading and comprehension using automatic layout management interface in [58].…”

Soil is the best testifier of the diachronous dawn of the Anthropocene

“…Sequences of parallel open furrows, shallow water gullies, low banks and cart‐track traces preserved in ploughed soils from mid‐Holocene sites worldwide are highly representative scars of such new, revolutionary phase of human‐Earth dynamic interactions ( Cao et al., 2006; Vanzetti et al., 2019). Examples of anthropic activities whose legacy is today massively characterizing the terrestrial landscape and have primordial evidences preserved in some soils are deforestation and burning ( Asselin and Payette , 2005), urbanization ( Sánchez‐Pérez et al., 2013), warfare ( Certini et al., 2013), mining and smelting ( Becker et al., 2019), landfilling (Fig. 1).…”