The environmental Kuznets curve: does one size fit all?

List, John A.; Gallet, Craig A.

doi:10.1016/s0921-8009(99)00064-6

Cited by 391 publications

(238 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…If that is the case the standard EKC empirical strategy does not account for simultaneity and produces biased and inconsistent estimates Stern (1998). However, as noted in, for instance, List and Gallet (1999) or Lieb (2004) simultaneity bias does not seem to be an important issue. List and Gallet (1999) for instance cannot reject the hypothesis that per capita GDP is exogenous for their dataset with SO 2 and NO x emissions of US states.…”

Section: E C O L O G I C a L E C O N O M I C S 5 9 ( 2 0 0 6 ) 4 1 9 mentioning

confidence: 78%

“…However, as noted in, for instance, List and Gallet (1999) or Lieb (2004) simultaneity bias does not seem to be an important issue. List and Gallet (1999) for instance cannot reject the hypothesis that per capita GDP is exogenous for their dataset with SO 2 and NO x emissions of US states. This problem can be an important one for other pollutants such as carbon dioxide emissions.…”

Section: E C O L O G I C a L E C O N O M I C S 5 9 ( 2 0 0 6 ) 4 1 9 mentioning

confidence: 78%

“…List and Gallet (1999) for instance find a wide variety of slope coefficients for their panel of US states. Hence, OLS estimates will be biased and inconsistent if the non-homogeneity is not accounted for.…”

Section: E C O L O G I C a L E C O N O M I C S 5 9 ( 2 0 0 6 ) 4 1 9 mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The income–environment relationship: Evidence from a binary response model

Verbeke

Clercq

2006

Ecological Economics

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The empirical environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) literature is vast but far from conclusive.Many authors have analysed the existence of an EKC for various pollutants. Others have used the EKC framework to identify country characteristics that help to explain the incomeenvironment relationship. In this framework environmental degradation is analysed using a second or third order polynomial in income and a limited number of control variables.Some authors question whether this standard framework is appropriate. This paper proposes an alternative to study the specific characteristics of countries that have experienced economic growth and an improving environment at the same time. We estimate a binary response model and find an EKC-like relation between the probability that a country's environment improves with economic growth and per capita GDP. Our evidence further suggests that the level of environmental damage is an important explanatory variable. We also confirm the importance of an open political system. These results indicate that the binary response model could be a valuable alternative to test which country specific characteristics are associated with a negative IER.

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Section: E C O L O G I C a L E C O N O M I C S 5 9 ( 2 0 0 6 ) 4 1 9 mentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: E C O L O G I C a L E C O N O M I C S 5 9 ( 2 0 0 6 ) 4 1 9 mentioning

confidence: 78%

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The income–environment relationship: Evidence from a binary response model

Verbeke

Clercq

2006

Ecological Economics

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“…Using parametric specifications, , and List and Gallet (1999), underlined the heterogeneity across units using panel data on national CO 2 emissions for the period 1960-1997, and panel data on US state-level SO 2 and NO x emissions for the period 1929-1994, respectively. Stern and Common (2001) found the relationship between national SO 2 emissions and income from 1850 to 1990 to be sensitive to econometric specifications and data sampling: they obtain a monotonous increasing curve for the whole sample but an EKC for a sample of high-income countries; a monotonous increasing curve arises for both the high-income sample and for the complete sample when estimation in first differences is performed.…”

Section: Literature Overview On the Ekcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Development and Co2 Emissions: A Nonparametric Panel Approach

2005

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Die Discussion Papers dienen einer möglichst schnellen Verbreitung von neueren Forschungsarbeiten des ZEW. Die Beiträge liegen in alleiniger Verantwortung der Autoren und stellen nicht notwendigerweise die Meinung des ZEW dar.Discussion Papers are intended to make results of ZEW research promptly available to other economists in order to encourage discussion and suggestions for revisions. The authors are solely responsible for the contents which do not necessarily represent the opinion of the ZEW.Download this ZEW Discussion Paper from our ftp server:ftp://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp0556.pdf Non technical summaryThe relationship between economic development and environmental quality has been extensively explored in recent years. The shape of this relationship has implications for the definition of an appropriate joint economic and environmental policy. In the literature, this animated debate revolves around the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve, which implies that, starting from low levels of income per capita, environmental degradation increases, but after a certain level of income (turning point) it diminishes.This study investigates the question of the existence of an EKC using a nonparametric approach. In this framework, no a priori parametric functional form is assumed for modelling the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and GDP per capita. The main reason for studying CO 2 emissions is that they play a focal role in the current debate on environmental protection and sustainable development. CO 2 has been recognized by most scientists as a major source of global warming through its greenhouse effects. Another reason is that CO 2 emissions are directly related to the use of energy, which is an essential factor in the world economy, both for production and consumption. Therefore, the relationship between CO 2 emissions and economic growth has important implications for environmental and economic policies.To estimate this relationship, we use information drawn from several data sets. CO 2 emissions measured in metric tons are obtained from the data base of the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Real GDP per capita series, measured in thousand constant dollars at 1985 prices, are drawn from the Penn World Table 5.6. The resulting data set, a balanced panel of 100 countries, covers the period 1960-1996.We first consider the issue of structural stability of the relationship between CO 2 emissions and GDP per capita, and we find evidence of structural stability of the relationship over the period . Based on this result, the panel nature of the data allows us to specify a nonparametric model that accounts for heterogeneity across countries. We find that the relationship between CO 2 emissions and GDP per capita is upward sloping, and that the usually adopted polynomial functional form which leads to the environmental Kuznets curve in several studies is rejected against our nonparametric model. Moreover, by comparing different estimation methods ...

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“…The conventional EKC has elicited many critiques. The arguments mainly focus on assertions that the evidence for the inverted-U shaped relationship applies only to a subset of environmental measures (Stern, 1998), for instance certain conventional pollutants such as suspended particulates and sulphur dioxide (Stern, 1998;Agras and Chapman, 1999;List andGallet, 1999). Spangenberg (2001) also argues that the EKC pattern might exist, but not for overall environmental pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%