The environmental Kuznets curve model for greenhouse gas emissions in Canada

The environmental consequences of fossil fuels in China: National and regional perspectives

“…For instance, at the national level, using an autoregressive distributed lag model, Iwata, Okada, and Samreth () examine the EKC hypothesis in France by considering the role of nuclear energy consumption. Similar studies investigating the EKC hypothesis at the national level have been conducted by Kunnas and Myllyntaus () for Finland; Ozturk and Acaravci () for Turkey; Park and Lee () for the Republic of Korea; Brajer, Mead, and Xiao (), Jayanthakumaran and Liu (), and Liu, Zhou, and Wu () for China; Bekhet and Othman (), Saboori, Sulaiman, and Mohd (), and Saboori and Sulaiman () for Malaysia; Tiwari, Shahbaz, and Hye () for India; Katircioğlu () for Singapore; Shahbaz, Khraief, Uddin, and Ozturk () for Tunisia; Sugiawan and Managi () for Indonesia; Atasoy () for the United States; and Olale, Ochuodho, Lantz, and El Armali () for Canada. Furthermore, at the regional level, the EKC hypothesis has been tested by a number of scholars, such as Atici () for the central and eastern Europe; Pao and Tsai () for a panel of Brazil, Russia, India, and China countries; Acaravci and Ozturk () for Europe; Arouri, Youssef, M'henni, and Rault () for Middle East and North African countries; Ozcan () for Middle East countries; Bölük and Mert () for a panel of European Union countries; Ozturk () for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa countries; Heidari, Katircioğlu, and Saeidpour () for five Association of South East Asian Nations countries; Bilgili, Koçak, and Bulut () for 17 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries; Shahbaz, Solarin, and Ozturk () for 19 African countries; Charfeddine and Mrabet () for 15 Middle East and North African countries; and Dong, Sun, Jiang, and Zeng () for 14 Asia‐Pacific countries.…”

Incorporating Forests, Agriculture, and Energy Consumption in the Framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach

“…The authors highlighted that while some countries such as China, India, and Russia are on path to meet the targets, some top polluters such as the United States, Japan, Germany, and South Korea are likely to fall short. Similarly, [22] used provincial and territorial data starting from 1990 to 2014 to determine the relationship between environmental degradation and GDP per capita in Canada. Similar to Yang et al's (2015) results, the EKC relationship was not found universally.…”

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Performance in EU Agriculture: An Empirical Study in a Non-Linear Framework

“…The economic growth-environmental degradation relationship as synopsized in the environmental Kuznets curve (ECK) hypothesis has been a subject of extended study within the last couple of decades. Different methodologies and different indexes for environmental degradation have impeded the consensus on the validation of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis [13][14][15][16][17][18]. The interaction among environmental degradation and economic performance either in terms of a firm, a sector or economy has been mostly studied with the use of atmospheric indicators, while literature on the EKC hypothesis employs land indicators, like water ecosystems, biodiversity indicators, and freshwater indicators.…”

“…Furthermore the carbon emissions are mostly generated by sectors related to energy use, forestry, agricultural processes and land use [20]. Regarding the methodologies used, a time series analysis with the assistance of cointegration linear or nonlinear conflict results was derived [2,13,[21][22][23][24].…”