The epidemiological trends in the burden of lung cancer attributable to PM2.5 exposure in China

Abstract

Objective PM2.5, which is a major contributor to air pollution, has large effects on lung cancer mortality. We want to analyse the long-term trends in lung cancer burden attributable to PM2.5 exposure and provide evidence that can be used for preventive measures and health resource planning. Methods Mortality data related to lung cancer were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 project. A joinpoint regression analysis was used to assess the magnitude and direction of the trends in mortality from 1990 to 2019, and the age-period-cohort method was used to analyse the temporal trends in the mortality rate of lung cancer attributable to PM2.5 exposure by age, period, and cohort. Results From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) attributable to PM2.5 exposure trended slowly upwards, and the ASMR due to ambient PM2.5 exposure (APE) increased significantly, that due to household PM2.5 exposure (HPE) decreased. The longitudinal age curves show that the mortality rates due to PM2.5 exposure among younger individuals were low, and they significantly increased from their levels among those in the 45–49 age group to their levels among those in the over-85 age group. From 1990 to 2019, the period RRs due to APE increased, but those due to HPE decreased. Similar trends were observed in the cohort RRs. The overall net drift per year attributable to PM2.5 exposure was below 0. The local drift values increased with age and were above 0 for the over-80 age groups. The overall net drifts per year were above zero for APE and below zero for HPE. The corresponding results among males were higher than those among females. Conclusions In China, the type of air pollution responsible for lung cancer has changed from household air pollution to ambient air pollution. PM2.5 exposure is more harmful among males and older people. Ambient air pollution should be emphasized, and China should strengthen its implementation of effective public policies and other interventions.

The systematic analysis and 10-year prediction on disease burden of childhood cancer in China

“…By querying the GBD database, we found that the latter contained 14 types of childhood cancer, as follows: liver cancer; tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (“lung cancer” in brief); colon and rectum cancer; lip and oral cavity cancer; nasopharynx cancer; malignant skin melanoma; ovarian cancer; testicular cancer; kidney cancer; brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancer; thyroid cancer; Hodgkin lymphoma; non-Hodgkin lymphoma; and leukemia ( 3 ). As with previously published articles, the related data are available to the public and can be extracted via the GBD Results Tool ( http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool ) ( 12 , 13 ).…”

Effects of PM2.5 on Chronic Airway Diseases: A Review of Research Progress

“…Diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma was dominated by women and non-smokers, and subjects exposed to PM 2.5 were twice as likely to develop lung adenocarcinoma as other types of lung cancer [13]. In contrast, some studies have revealed that lung cancer incidence correlated with PM 2.5 was more significant for males [83,87]. The effect of age on PM 2.5 associated lung cancer remains controversial.…”

“…One cohort study on continued exposure to outdoor air pollution and lung cancer morbidity showed that PM 2.5 exposure had a greater effect among younger individuals [14]. Another study suggested that PM 2.5 was associated with increased mortality of lung cancer among older adults [87]. PM 2.5 can directly promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells [88][89][90].…”

A review of respirable fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-induced brain damage

“…The main sources of PM 2.5 are natural and anthropogenic sources, with anthropogenic sources accounting for the major part (Kim et al, 2015 ). Numerous studies have shown that PM 2.5 can cause not only respiratory diseases (allergic airway inflammation, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) (Choi et al, 2018 ; Weinmayr et al, 2018 ), but also diseases outside the respiratory system, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, childhood obesity, and cancer (Desikan, 2017 ; Mao et al, 2017 ; Maji et al, 2018 ; Wu et al, 2021 ).…”