The epidemiology of acute diarrhoea in a rural community in Imo State, Nigeria

Huttly, Sharon; Blum, Deborah; Kirkwood, Betty; Emeh, Robert N.; Feachem, Richard

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(87)90055-1

Cited by 49 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The primary caregivers in the households in the BHDSS have very low educational background and significant gaps in knowledge and perception of diarrheal illness and its management, which has been seen elsewhere 13. The study found a higher prevalence of diarrhea in children < 2 years of age, particularly among the 12–23 months age group compared with the 0–11 and 24–59 months age groups, similar to the findings in other African settings 14–16…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Health Care Utilization and Attitudes Survey: Understanding Diarrheal Disease in Rural Gambia

Saha¹,

Akinsola²,

Sharples³

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Diarrheal disease causes ∼1.34 million deaths per year among children under 5 years of age globally. We conducted a Health Care Utilization and Attitudes Survey of 1,012 primary caregivers of children aged 0–11, 12–23, and 24–59 months randomly selected from a Demographic Surveillance population in rural Gambia. Point prevalence of diarrhea was 7.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.1–9.8); 23.3% had diarrhea within the previous 2 weeks. Caregivers of 81.5% of children with diarrhea sought healthcare outside their home, but only 48.4% of them visited a health center. Only 17.0% (95% CI = 12.1–23.2) of children with diarrhea received oral rehydration solution (ORS) at home. Abbreviated surveys conducted on six occasions over the subsequent 2 years showed no change in prevalence or treatment-seeking behavior. Diarrhea remains a significant problem in rural young Gambian children. Encouraging care-seeking behavior at health centers and promoting ORS use can reduce mortality and morbidity in this population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Health Care Utilization and Attitudes Survey: Understanding Diarrheal Disease in Rural Gambia

Saha¹,

Akinsola²,

Sharples³

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…aggregation) of diarrhoeal disease over time in certain individuals, indicating that some people are more susceptible to diarrhoea than others. This confirms and extends observations made before the HIV pandemic [10-12]. Interestingly, this aggregation of disease is still seen in severely immunosuppressed adults with CD4 counts of less than 200 cells/μL, so it seems unlikely to be attributable to variations in cell-mediated immunity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…It is well known that intestinal helminth infections display aggregation [6-8] meaning that certain susceptible individuals carry large numbers of worms and therefore a disproportionate fraction of the burden of disease [9]. There is also some evidence that incidence of diarrhoeal disease is aggregated in some highly susceptible children [10,11] and adults [12] in an analogous way. In this paper we analyse diarrhoea and infection separately which allows us to demonstrate that the disease-to-infection ratio is elevated at all stages of HIV infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility to intestinal infection and diarrhoea in Zambian adults in relation to HIV status and CD4 count

et al. 2009

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BackgroundThe HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa has had a major impact on infectious disease, and there is currently great interest in the impact of HIV on intestinal barrier function. A three year longitudinal cohort study in a shanty compound in Lusaka, Zambia, carried out before anti-retroviral therapy was widely available, was used to assess the impact of HIV on susceptibility to intestinal infectious disease. We measured the incidence and seasonality of intestinal infection and diarrhoea, aggregation of disease in susceptible individuals, clustering by co-habitation and genetic relatedness, and the disease-to-infection ratio.MethodsAdults living in a small section of Misisi, Lusaka, were interviewed every two weeks to ascertain the incidence of diarrhoea. Monthly stool samples were analysed for selected pathogens. HIV status and CD4 count were determined annually.ResultsHIV seroprevalence was 31% and the prevalence of immunosuppression (CD4 count 200 cells/μL or less) was 10%. Diarrhoea incidence was 1.1 episodes per year and the Incidence Rate Ratio for HIV infection was 2.4 (95%CI 1.7–3.3; p < 0.001). The disease-to-infection ratio was increased at all stages of HIV infection. Aggregation of diarrhoea in susceptible individuals was observed irrespective of immunosuppression, but there was little evidence of clustering by co-habitation or genetic relatedness. There was no evidence of aggregation of asymptomatic infections.ConclusionHIV has an impact on intestinal infection at all stages, with an increased disease-to-infection ratio. The aggregation of disease in susceptible individuals irrespective of CD4 count suggests that this phenomenon is not a function of cell mediated immunity.

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“…We did not find the same result in the Iraq study 18 in which we found no association between wealth and diarrhoea. Further, Osumane 19 , Huttly et al 20 and El Samani et al 21 did not find a significant association between diarrhoea and wealth. Contrary to the above findings, Boadi and Kuitunen 22 reported that children from poor homes had higher diarrheal incidence than their medium wealth and high wealth counterparts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

Correlates of diarrhoea among children below the age of 5 years in Sudan

Siziya¹,

Muula²,

Rudatsikira³

2013

Afr H. Sci.

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Background: The Millennium Development Goals recognise child health and survival as an important socio-development issue. Objective: To determine the correlates of diarrhoea among children aged below 5 years in north Sudan. Methods: We conducted secondary data analysis of the Sudan Multiple Cluster Indicators Survey II. Results: Altogether, 23,295 children were included in the survey. Half (50.0%) of the children were males, and 22.5% of them were of age less than one year. Boys were 3% (p=0.044) more likely to have diarrhoea compared to girls. Compared with the oldest age group (48-59 months), children less than 6 months of age and those aged 36-47 months had 25% and 18% lower prevalence of diarrhoea, respectively, while children aged 6-24 months and those aged 24-35 months had 1.5 fold and 1.17 fold higher prevalence of diarrhoea. Children in urban areas were 6% more likely to have diarrhoea. Children from households with 1 or 2 people per room were 8% less likely to have diarrhoea compared to children from households with more than 3 people per room. Conclusion: Diarrhoea was associated with child's age, gender, and social status. Our findings provide a useful baseline for interventions and comparisons with future studies.

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The epidemiology of acute diarrhoea in a rural community in Imo State, Nigeria

Cited by 49 publications

References 3 publications

Health Care Utilization and Attitudes Survey: Understanding Diarrheal Disease in Rural Gambia

Health Care Utilization and Attitudes Survey: Understanding Diarrheal Disease in Rural Gambia

Susceptibility to intestinal infection and diarrhoea in Zambian adults in relation to HIV status and CD4 count

Correlates of diarrhoea among children below the age of 5 years in Sudan

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