The epidemiology of established rheumatoid arthritis

Otón, Teresa; Carmona, Loreto

doi:10.1016/j.berh.2019.101477

Cited by 115 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…RA is one of the most common inflammatory pathologies, whose prevalence is between 0.2 and 0.9% depending on the country [135]. BV has been shown to have medicinal properties against arthritis [136], as in the case of a recent study that showed the effects of BV in rats with induced arthritis.…”

Section: Anti-inflammatory Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Bee Venom: An Updating Review of Its Bioactive Molecules and Its Health Applications

2020

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Bee venom (BV) is usually associated with pain since, when humans are stung by bees, local inflammation and even an allergic reaction can be produced. BV has been traditionally used in ancient medicine and in acupuncture. It consists of a mixture of substances, principally of proteins and peptides, including enzymes as well as other types of molecules in a very low concentration. Melittin and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) are the most abundant and studied compounds of BV. Literature of the main biological activities exerted by BV shows that most studies focuses on the comprehension and test of anti-inflammatory effects and its mechanisms of action. Other properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, neuroprotective or antitumor effects have also been assessed, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, human trials are necessary to confirm those clinical applications. However, notwithstanding the therapeutic potential of BV, there are certain problems regarding its safety and the possible appearance of adverse effects. On this perspective, new approaches have been developed to avoid these complications. This manuscript is aimed at reviewing the actual knowledge on BV components and its associated biological activities as well as the latest advances on this subject.

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Section: Anti-inflammatory Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Bee Venom: An Updating Review of Its Bioactive Molecules and Its Health Applications

2020

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“…Abnormal interactions between immune cells contribute to the onset and progression of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) (10)(11)(12). Co-signaling molecules, such as CD244/CD48, affect the onset of autoimmune diseases by regulating various functions of immune cells and by maintaining or altering the balance of immune responses (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Understanding the Roles of CD244 (SLAMF4) in Immune Regulation and Associated Diseases

Sun

Gang

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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Proteins in the signaling lymphocytic activating molecule (SLAM) family play crucial roles in regulating the immune system. CD244 (SLAMF4) is a protein in this family, and is also a member of the CD2 subset of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. CD244 is a cell surface protein expressed by NK cells, T cells, monocytes, eosinophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and dendritic cells. CD244 binds to the ligand CD48 on adjacent cells and transmits stimulatory or inhibitory signals that regulate immune function. In-depth studies reported that CD244 functions in many immune-related diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers, and its action is essential for the onset and progression of these diseases. The discovery of these essential roles of CD244 suggests it has potential as a prognostic indicator or therapeutic target. This review describes the molecular structure and function of CD244 and its roles in various immune cells and immune-related diseases.

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“…According to the criteria defined by the American Rheumatology Society 1987, the global prevalence of RA is about 0.24% (95% CI 0.23% to 0.25%), and the number of patients with RA will reach 4.8 million by 2010 (95% CI 3.7 million to 6.1 million). However, after the revision of the diagnostic criteria of RA in 2010, the number of patients with RA increased further [ 55 , 56 ]. The main risk factors of RA are gender (women usually have a higher risk than men), heredity, environment, and psychological factors [ 57 ].…”

Section: Application Of Mscs In Autoimmune Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on T Cell Phenotypes in Autoimmune Diseases

Wei

Yuan

Wang

et al. 2021

Stem Cells International

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Research on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) starts from the earliest assumption that cells derived from the bone marrow have the ability to repair tissues. Several scientists have since documented the crucial role of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) in processes such as embryonic bone and cartilage formation, adult fracture and tissue repair, and immunomodulatory activities in therapeutic applications. In addition to BM-MSCs, several sources of MSCs have been reported to possess tissue repair and immunoregulatory abilities, making them potential treatment options for many diseases. Therefore, the therapeutic potential of MSCs in various diseases including autoimmune conditions has been explored. In addition to an imbalance of T cell subsets in most patients with autoimmune diseases, they also exhibit complex disease manifestations, overlapping symptoms among diseases, and difficult treatment. MSCs can regulate T cell subsets to restore their immune homeostasis toward disease resolution in autoimmune conditions. This review summarizes the role of MSCs in relieving autoimmune diseases via the regulation of T cell phenotypes.

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The epidemiology of established rheumatoid arthritis

Cited by 115 publications

References 55 publications

Bee Venom: An Updating Review of Its Bioactive Molecules and Its Health Applications

Bee Venom: An Updating Review of Its Bioactive Molecules and Its Health Applications

Advances in Understanding the Roles of CD244 (SLAMF4) in Immune Regulation and Associated Diseases

Regulatory Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on T Cell Phenotypes in Autoimmune Diseases

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